| 摘要: | 本文聚焦日治時期臺灣巫覡、術士之研究，討論以官方、知識分子、民間社會三方的觀感。研究材料主要為報紙、調查報告書、雜誌、日記等。本研究透過官方管理政策的變化，知識分子評論巫、術者的輿論，民間與巫、術者之互動，剖析三個部分。
首先，臺灣總督府在每個時期採取不同政策管理占卜慣習。在1895～1915年，官方調查舊有慣習與法令，為了解清代臺灣占卜慣習的淵源，並且採取兩種管理政策，分別為武力鎮壓與溫和主義。在1915～1936年，政府透過宗教調查、實施違警例，全面控制占卜慣習的一個重要轉捩點。1937年以後進入皇民化運動時期，臺灣厲行「民風作興運動」，革除迷信陋習，使巫覡、術士的生存產生一大危機。
以世代與教育背景作為知識分子的區分，分析新、舊知識分子視占卜慣習的觀感對比。傳統知識分子以保護漢文化傳統為職責。尤其占卜慣習使傳統知識分子影響非常深遠，組織詩社成為經世濟民的變通方式。而傳統知識分子也有變革者的出現，適應新西方思想的衝擊與轉型，希望革除舊有迷信陋習，使臺灣進入現代文明。新知識分子有兩種矛盾的心態來看待占卜慣習，即為批判與妥協。
民間依賴巫覡、術士，透過生活史描述，了解熱鬧的占卜活動作為探討。民眾尋求巫、術者，目的在於趨吉避凶與治療疾病等功能。更進一步，從占卜活動中衍生出許多詐欺案件等，這些弊端產生龐大的利益，引誘人犯罪，作為社會現象的討論要點。
透過文本的探討，我們將能夠清楚了解日治臺灣巫覡、術士全面之觀感。根據三方的形象描述，巫、術者正面形象為未來預言者、治療者、或是神靈代言者。反面來說，巫、術者負面形象為詐欺犯或是神棍等說法。根據三方觀點，巫、術者有不一樣的形象塑造。
The research focuses on shaman and wizards in Taiwan during Japanese colonial period which discusses with official, intellectuals, civil society tripartite perception. Research materials mainly for newspapers, research reports, magazines, journals, etc. Through this study, the official management policy changed, intellectuals commented that shaman and wizards’ public opinion, civil society interacted shaman and wizards, that analysis of these three parts.
First, the Taiwan S?tokufu in each period adopted a different policy to manage the divination customs. In 1895 to 1915, the official investigated the old customs and laws, in order to understand the original divination customs of Qing Dynasty in Taiwan, and take two management policies, namely armed suppression and moderation. In 1915 to 1936, the Government, through religious survey, the implementation of illegal police case, the government full control of divination customs was an important turning point. 1937 after entering Kominka Movement, Taiwan rigorously enforce "Minfu Sakko Undo", get rid of bad customs superstition , so that the survival of shaman and wizards were a major crisis.
From generation to generation and educational background as an intellectual distinction, analyze new and old intelligentsia's perception of visual contrast divination customs. Traditional intellectuals protected the Chinese cultural heritage of duties. In particular, the divination customs make the traditional intellectuals far-reaching effects, organizing poetry became benefiting the way. The transformation of traditional intellectuals who have appeared to adapt to new shocks and transformation of Western thought, hope get rid of the old superstitious behaviour to make Taiwan into modern civilization. There were two new intellectuals contradictory attitude to look divination customs, namely criticism and compromise.
Folk were dependent on shaman and wizards, described by life history, to understand the lively divination activities as discussed. People seek shaman and wizards, for the purpose of good fortune and treatment of disease and other functions. Furthermore, the activities derived from divination many fraud cases, these defects produce huge benefits to lure people crime as a social phenomenon points for discussion.
Through text discussion, we will be able to clearly understand the Japanese occupation of Taiwan shaman and wizards comprehensive perception. According to the tripartite description of the image, a positive image of shaman and wizards were a prophet, a healer, or a spirit-medium. Negative, the negative image of shaman and wizards were a fraud committed or Elmer Gantry and other statements. According to the tripartite view, shaman and wizards who have a different image-building. |
