戴笠與抗戰時期交警制度之研究(1937-1946);The Study on Tai Li and the system of Traffic Policeman During the Period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression(1937-1946)

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Title:	戴笠與抗戰時期交警制度之研究(1937-1946);The Study on Tai Li and the system of Traffic Policeman During the Period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression(1937-1946)
Authors:	戴子翔;Tai,Tzu-hsiang
Contributors:	歷史研究所
Keywords:	交通警察;戴笠;軍統局;忠義救國軍;別動軍;特種技術合作;Traffic Policeman;Tai Li;Bureau of Investigation and Statistics;Patriotic Corps;Rangers;special techniques
Date:	2014-05-06
Issue Date:	2014-08-11 18:44:11 (UTC+8)
Publisher:	國立中央大學
Abstract:	抗戰時期國民政府建制交警制度之主要目的係為確保戰時物資於運輸過程中之安全，不斷武裝以及整併交警部隊。因此就本質而論，其組織結構與成立宗旨已近乎軍隊之編成。故抗戰時期之交通警察部隊除必須負責護路、護運與交通維安等一般性維安工作外；在軍事上必要時，還必需負擔起打擊敵軍的作戰任務。整體而言，軍警角色定義混淆的原因，除國內缺乏專業警政人才外；外部機關不斷侵犯警察職權亦是關鍵因素之一，其中又以戴笠與其所掌控的軍統局對交警系統的掌握與運用最為深入。在此背景因素影響下，戰後所成立之交通警察部隊，依舊係特務與警察之結合，並以配合軍隊剿共為任務中心。除此之外，抗戰期間戴笠於交通方面的控管尚有為破壞日軍後方交通與運輸所成立的忠義救國軍及別動軍等敵後游擊部隊。因此，不論是交通警備系統，亦或是敵後游擊作戰部隊，都可以清楚看到戴笠與軍統局的影子。伴隨著交通方面有關系統機能不斷強化，使戴笠的權力亦隨之不斷擴張。對此，自然引起外界強力的反彈。諸多反彈，使蔣中正不得不飭令戴笠交出軍權，專心於特務工作。為保住權力，戴笠藉由交警機構的整編以及與外合作關係的建立等方式，成功保留了麾下部隊的掌控權。因此，分析抗戰時期交警制度的發展，亦係研究戴笠於抗戰時期權力演變的重要途徑之一。本論文透過考察檔案、時人日記與回憶錄，以及當時報紙後發現，戴笠在面對接踵而至的難關時皆能安然度過之原因有三：其一軍統局為抗戰期間重要機構，在情報偵搜、後方破壞等工作皆有顯著成績，戴笠身為該局負責人，其居功厥偉，因此無論面對多少危機，地位依然屹立不搖；其二係戴笠所傳達的忠貞不二理念，成功換取蔣中正對其難以動搖的信任；其三則係軍統局擔負與外國合作之大任，藉由與蘇聯、英國和美國建立特種技術合作關係，使得戴笠不僅鞏固與強化麾下部隊實力，並建立起隸屬自己的部隊。 ;During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the head of state of the Nationalist Government established the system of Traffic Policeman for the purpose of ensuring the security of traveling commodities during the war; as a result, they were highly equipped and continuously united other troops of Traffic Policeman together. That is, their structure of organization and objective of establishment were close to the management of army. In addition, these troops of Traffic Policeman were responsible for defending others and guarding the army during the shipment; also, if necessary, they should take charge of the tasks of attacking the enemies. However, the cause of the confusion of role definition might be the lack of qualified personnel of national police; besides, the violations from external institutions also played a key role, in which Tai Li and his forces commanded and manipulated the system of Traffic Policeman the most significantly. For the accumulation of this background, the troops of Traffic Policeman which were founded in postwar period, were still the combination of secret agents and policemen, as a center of coordinating forces to suppress Communist Party. Furthermore, during the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Tai Li also possessed Patriotic Corps and Rangers which were in charge of destroying Japanese army’s conveyance of goods and transportation in the rear areas. Hence, no matter in the system of Traffic Policeman or the troops of guerrilla warfare, we could distinctly find the control of Tai Li and Bureau of Investigation and Statistics. With the reinforcement of traffic systematic function, Tai Li’s authority was expanded steadily. Accordingly, that resulted in the rivals from others. And this compelled Chiang Kai Shek to command Tai Li to surrender his military power and concentrate on secret operation only. In order to retain his power, Tai Li reorganized Traffic Policeman institutions and set up the relationship of external cooperation so as to retain his control over his army. Therefore, analyzing the development of the system of Traffic Police during the war time is one of the important approaches to discuss the evolvement of Tai Li’s power during the war time. In this paper, by inspecting files, diaries and memoirs of contemporaries, and newspapers of that time, we found Tai Li was able to get through the hard times of subsequent crises, and we concluded three reasons. First, even if confronting so many crises, as the principal of Bureau of Investigation and Statistics, which was the important organization with significant achievement in detecting and collecting information, Tai Li had consolidated his position with his splendid records. Second, Tai Li expressed his idea of great and unchanging loyalty to Chiang Kai Shek and won his firm trust. Third, via the major role of cooperating with foreign countries, Bureau of Investigation and Statistics built a relationship of joint work in special techniques with the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States, and that helped Tai Li consolidate his armed forces and built his own army.
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