| 摘要: | 客家文化的傳承與變遷：以祭拜祖先為例
中文摘要
祭拜祖先是客家族群的傳統美德，更是民間重要的民俗活動，從古至今流傳世代；其主要意義就是教化後代子孫，要懂得慎終追遠、飲水思源。簡單的說就是要有不忘本的精神。然而隨著社會的變遷、家庭結構的轉變、女性主義的興起、族群間往來互動的頻繁，使得祭拜祖先的文化傳承面臨了諸多的考驗。
因此本論文的研究目的有（一）了解家庭結構的改變對祭拜祖先的影響（二）了解性別意識對祭拜祖先的影響（三）了解族群通婚對祭拜祖先的影響。期盼從以上三個研究問題，找到影響祭拜祖先傳承的因素。
研究結果發現無論是家庭結構、性別意識、族群通婚對祭拜祖先都有影響。尤其是族群通婚對祭拜祖先影響的層面非常廣泛，無論是族群內婚或外婚都有影響。根據研究結果顯示，性別意識是影響通婚女性祭祖的關鍵因素，換句話說當女性可以擁有自我選擇的權力時，有可能會影響女性祭拜祖先的行為。
至於影響的程度根據本文研究結果顯示，目前還不足以撼動客家族群流傳世代的祭祖文化。即使研究發現通婚後的女性，隨著時代的變遷，對祭拜祖先的態度出現顯著差異；但從通婚後大部分的女性，還是會祭拜祖先的行為來看，祭拜祖先的文化傳承應該不會消失，未來有可能隨著台灣社會開放的程度，呈現多元的祭祀文化。
關鍵字：祭拜祖先、性別意識、族群通婚;Inheritance and Change of Hakka Culture: Using Ancestor Worship as an Example
Abstract
Ancestor worship is the traditional virtue of the Hakka and the important folk activity. It has lasted from the ancient time to the present. The major significance is to allow the descendants to learn “careful attention to perform the funeral rites to parents, and to let them be followed when long gone with the ceremonies of sacrifice” and “being grateful”. In short, they should not forget their origin. However, with the change of society and family structure, rise of feminism and ethnic frequent interaction, cultural inheritance of ancestor worship encounters the challenges.
Thus, the purposes of this study are the following: (1) to explore the effect of change of family structure on ancestor worship; (2) to probe into effect of gender ideology on ancestor worship; (3) to explore effect of ethnic Intermarriage on ancestor worship. Upon the previous three research questions, this study aims to find the factors of inheritance of ancestor worship.
According to research findings, family structure, gender ideology and ethnic Intermarriage all influence ancestor worship. Impact of ethnic intermarriage, in particular, on ancestor worship is extremely broad, including the effects in or out of the group. Research results show that gender ideology is the key factor of intermarriage women’s ancestor worship. In other words, when women possess the power of choice, it might influence their behavior of ancestor worship.
As to the degree of effect, based on findings of this study, at present, it does not affect ancestor worship culture of the Hakka which has been lasted for generations. This study demonstrates that with the change of time, women after intermarriage have significantly different attitudes toward ancestor worship. However, since most of the women of intermarriage worship the ancestors, cultural inheritance of ancestor worship should not be disappeared. In the future, with the liberation of Taiwan society, it might lead to diversity of sacrifice culture.
Keywords: ancestor worship, gender ideology, ethnic Intermarriage |
