高訂單變動性及低量產需求環境下之長交期零件備料運輸決策 -以航空製造業為例

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题名:	高訂單變動性及低量產需求環境下之長交期零件備料運輸決策 -以航空製造業為例
作者:	蔡乃清;Tsai, Nai-Ching
贡献者:	工業管理研究所在職專班
关键词:	低產量屬性;備料運輸策略;訂單變動性;長交期備料;庫存成本;Low rate production;Long lead time;inventory backup strategy
日期:	2018-07-20
上传时间:	2018-08-31 11:29:41 (UTC+8)
出版者:	國立中央大學
摘要:	雖然目前民用航空飛機需求訂單仍有大量的需求，但因產品市場有其寡佔性，流通性小，產品銷售客戶幾乎為唯一，因此產量需求相較於其他產業而言十分的低，任何的訂單需求的變動，所造成的影響相對的大。同時原物料的取得有指定商源的要求；物料製廠資格及製程皆有認證要求，因此物料採購成本高及前置期長，庫存設置量也因此一因素而增加，衍生的庫存成本相對於銷售金額收入比是偏高的。供應鏈中物料源大都無地緣關係，取得必需經由陸運、海或空運取得，特別是我國地處島國，資源有限，各項物品的取得皆仰賴進口，備料運輸皆仰賴海、空運，運輸成本佔物料取得成本有相當的比例，因此採購策略與庫存管理影響了整體獲利能力。本研究就此一產業特性中之低生產需求，高訂單變動性，長交期零件如何利用備料運輸的海、空運運輸決策來降低缺料風險及運輸成本，所造成的庫存成本作為研究標的，期望透過分析過去需求資料，在滿足生產需求的前提之下，找出合理的以海運為主的定期採購模式，配合以空運為輔的緊急購料以支應訂單變動需求模式，並且透過個案公司實際數值來驗證本研究模型的可行性，進而建立出面對交貨期長、高訂單變動性、採購成本高、儲存運輸成本昂貴，低生產需求環境下物料運輸的決策模式。 ;Although there are mass demands in the field of commercial airplanes, the markets for the parts are consider oligopoly, low circulations, and the needs of products are generally from one single customer. Leading up to the demands in aerospace field relatively low compared with other fields, any requirement changes in orders will cause great impact. The specifications of raw materials, the qualifications of being a qualified suppliers and its fabrication/special processes adds up to high cost procurement. With long lead time on the raw materials, implementing safety stock is essential. Therefore, all these factors are reasons to why inventory costs are higher than sales revenue. The material supply chain are not based on geographic locations. To successfully retrieve materials to the warehouse, the logistic arrangement goes through air, sea, or land. Especially here in Taiwan, an island surrounded by sea and with limited resource, all necessity have to be imported. With the inventory shipped through different ways, the shipping cost takes up a significant percentage in the total cost. Thus, procurement strategy and inventory management are major factors to a profitable product. The objection of this thesis is to discussing ways of using procurement strategy and inventory management to overcome the challenges of risk of material shortage, high transportation cost (caused by the low demands), unstable order requirements, and long lead time of the aerospace industry. This study will analyze historical data to find reasonable periodic shipping pattern via sea and using air freight to cover emergency pull in/demands to fulfill the production demands. Theories will be applied to real life data to test the feasibility of the methods, and conclude with a system and/or strategy to overcome the material long lead time, unstable order specifications, high procurement cost, high transportation cost, and low demands of the aerospace industry.
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