膜電位在細胞分裂等基本細胞過程中起著至關重要的作用。因此，我們還研究了細胞分裂期間膜電位的變化。通過使用創新的螢光指示技術和不同的實驗條件，我們觀察到了細菌在不同狀態下的膜電位動態。;It is a long belief that the membrane potential of bacterial cells is static. Recently, it has been discovered that the bacterial membrane potential is dynamic and multifunctional. This has sparked interest in gaining deeper insights into bacterial membrane voltage. However, measuring membrane voltage in bacteria is challenging due to their small size and the presence of a rigid cell wall. Additionally, the use of molecular dyes can result in more complex signals. Thus, a new type of Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicator (GEVI) method called ViBac has been developed, which combines fluorescent proteins with voltage-sensitive sensors to serve as indicators for membrane potential. This study explores changes in membrane potential at both the single-cell and population levels in bacteria during surface sensing and adaptation responses. Utilizing the ViBac sensor, hyperpolarization spiking events were observed over a 1-minute time series in individual cells. The variations in membrane voltage which are attributed to differences in charge separation were examined under different environmental conditions to observe spiking behaviors. Detailed characterization of these spiking phenomena was also performed to enhance the understanding of bacterial membrane dynamics and adaptive responses. Membrane voltage plays a crucial role in fundamental cellular processes such as cell division. Therefore, we also investigated changes in membrane voltage during the cell division period. By employing an innovative fluorescent indicator technique and varying experimental conditions, we show the membrane voltage dynamics of bacteria across different states.
