水流墩前湧波之探討

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劉力維(Li-Wei Liu) 查詢紙本館藏

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土木工程學系

論文名稱

水流墩前湧波之探討
(Bow wave and Hydraulic jump induced by cylindrical piers in open channel flows)

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摘要(中)

本文以實驗及數值計算分析超臨界流況下，橋墩受水流沖擊所造成的墩前湧波，探討橋墩尺度對振幅、頻率的影響；實驗於亞臨界流況下，利用超音波速度剖面儀(UVP)量測墩前速度場分佈，進一步探討墩前射流之分離位置及流場中頻率的特性，並透過數值模Truchas分析墩前射流位置及渦流分佈。實驗結果顯示，沖擊高度與上游福祿數呈正比之關係；UVP 能有效量測邊界層厚度及墩前渦流尺寸；透過數值模式，能進一步分析細部流場變化，如：渦度分佈、底床剪應力。本研究之結果可幫助於瞭解亞、超臨界流況中墩前沖擊高度與上游福祿數的關係，可供相關工程設計之參考。

摘要(英)

Bow waves in front of cylindrical piers under different flow conditions, especially supercritical flows, are explored in this study by employing both flume experiments and 3D numerical simulation. An ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP) is used to measure the downward/upward flow right in front of the pier, and the downward flow and the stagnation point along the profile are also measured. The magnitudes and the frequencies of bow waves are analyzed by image analysis. The vortex sizes are mainly determined by pier diameter alone. The dimensionless amplitude of bow waves is proportional to the square of upstream Froude numbers. The numerical simulations for piers in shallow water show that the shear stresses on the floor exhibit maximum value at the downstream sides, which is due to pier-induced surface drawdown and wake separation.

關鍵字(中)

★ 超臨界流
★ 墩前湧波
★ 沖擊高度
★ 底床剪應力
★ 頻譜分析

關鍵字(英)

★ Spectrum analysis.
★ Bed shear stress
★ Surge height
★ Bow wave
★ Supercritical Flow

論文目次

摘要 ................................................... I
ABSTRACT.............................................. ..II
目錄 .................................................. III
表目錄 .................................... ........... VII
圖目錄 ............................................... VIII
符號表 .................................................. X
第一章緒論...............................................1
1-1 前言 ............................................ ....1
1-2 研究目的..............................................2
1-3 本文架構 .............................................3
第二章文獻回顧 ......................................... 4
2-1 流場之特性頻率 .......................................4
2-2 圓柱渦流流場 ........................................ 5
2-3 墩前沖擊高 .......................................... 8
第三章數值模式 ........................................ 11
3-1 模式簡介 ........................................... 11
3-2 控制方程式 ......................................... 12
3-3 大渦紊流模式 ........................................12
3-4 數值方法 ........................................... 15
3-4-1 有限體積法 ....................................... 15
3-4-2 流體體積法 ..................................... ..17
3-4-3 自由液面求解.......................................19
3-4-4 顯示投影法........................................ 21
3-4-5 程式運算流程 ......................................21
3-5 邊界條件及初始條件 ..................................22
3-5-1 不可滑動邊界...................................... 22
3-5-2 上游入流邊界 ......................................22
3-5-3 下游出流邊界 ..................................... 23
3-5-5 啟始條件 ......................................... 23
3-6 網格設計 ........................................... 23
3-7 數值穩定度 ......................................... 23
3-8 部分網格法 ......................................... 24
第四章渠道定床實驗 .....................................26
4-1 實驗目的 ........................................... 26
4-2 實驗設備 ........................................... 26
4-3 實驗條件 ........................................... 30
4-4 實驗方法與步驟 ..................................... 31
4-4-1 脈衝波原則 ....................................... 31
4-4-2 量測角度 ......................................... 33
4-4-3 UVP 流速量測 ..................................... 34
4-4-4 實驗步驟 ......................................... 35
4-4-5 影像分析 ......................................... 36
4-4-6 頻譜分析 ......................................... 37
4-5 實驗結果 ........................................... 38
4-5-1 洩水閘門、堰流流量及UVP 流速計流量.................38
4-6 儀器限制及消除雜訊 ................................. 40
4-6-1 都普勒流速儀之優點及限制 ......................... 40
4-6-2 量測限制 ......................................... 40
4-6-3 消除雜訊的方式 ................................... 42
第五章實驗結果與討論 .................................. 44
5-1 邊界層厚度 ......................................... 44
5-2 穩定流況 ........................................... 45
5-3 墩前沖擊高 ......................................... 45
5-4 沖擊高之頻譜分析 ................................... 47
5-5 墩前的分離點 ....................................... 48
5-6 墩前馬蹄型渦流尺度 ................................. 50
5-7 垂向速度之頻譜分析 ................................. 52
5-8 水躍段與下游之水平及垂向速度 ....................... 52
5-9 墩前水面線量測 ..................................... 54
5-10 數值結果 .......................................... 55
第六章結論與建議 ...................................... 58
6-1 結論 ............................................... 58
6-2 建議 ............................................... 59
參考文獻 ............................................... 60
附錄 ................................................... 63

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指導教授

周憲德、吳祚任
(H.T.Chou、Tso-Ren Wu)

審核日期

2008-7-24

推文