2016~2017年東亞背景、生質燃燒傳輸及高山雲霧水氣膠水溶性離子短時間變化

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陳彥銘(Yang-Ming Chen) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

2016~2017年東亞背景、生質燃燒傳輸及高山雲霧水氣膠水溶性離子短時間變化

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摘要(中)

氣膠水溶性無機離子散射太陽光直接影響地球輻射平衡，當成為雲凝結核又間接影響降雨、雲滴散光。生質燃燒普遍在全球各地都有發生，煙團氣膠水溶性無機離子長程傳輸後的短時間變化值得關注。本文於2016年秋季及2017年春季在鹿林山大氣背景觀測站(2,862 m a.s.l.)以自動監測設備觀測PM2.5水溶性無機離子並結合現場相關量測項目進行分析。
2016年秋季在沒有山谷風循環時PM10質量濃度為4.6 ± 2.1 ug m-3，水溶性無機離子只有SO42-高於偵測極限，平均濃度為0.8 ± 0.6 ug m-3；PM10和PM1散光係數分別為14.8 ± 13.5與9.6 ± 9.1 M m-1，吸光係數分別為1.4 ± 0.9與1.1 ± 0.8 M m-1，可視為秋季東亞高山大氣背景數值。發生山谷風時氣膠水溶性離子SO42-、NO3-、NH4+濃度明顯上升。
2017年春季扣除生質燃燒與山谷風循環後，PM2.5質量濃度、PM10和PM1光學係數、PM2.5水溶性無機離子濃度都較2016年秋季為高。發生山谷風時，各測項數值也都比秋季高，顯示春季大氣背景濃度較高於秋季。春季生質燃燒事件中PM2.5質量濃度上升至22.0 ± 8.3 ug m-3，指標物種K+濃度明顯增加為0.3 ± 0.1 μg m-3，其餘三種無機離子SO42-、NO3-、NH4+濃度分別增加為4.3 ± 1.9、1.1 ± 1.0、1.7 ± 0.8 ug m-3，PM10和PM1散光係數分別上升至164.4 ± 46.4與108.2 ± 30.3 M m-1，吸光係數分別達21.8 ± 7.7與16.8 ± 6.3 M m-1，利用ISORROPIAⅡ模式顯示氣膠水溶性無機離子結合型態可能為硫酸銨、硫酸氫銨、硫酸鉀、硝酸銨、硝酸鉀。最後，針對氣膠水溶性無機離子和大氣輻射衰減的探討，本文發現低相對濕度、非靜風、現址無雲霧的環境，大氣氣膠水溶性無機離子對大氣氣膠光學厚度具有重大影響。

摘要(英)

Light scattering from aerosol water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) directly influences solar radiation budget of the Earth. In addition, aerosol WSIIs may indirectly affect light scattering and precipitation of cloud droplets when they act as cloud condensation nuclei. As biomass burning (BB) occurs commonly around the glBBe, short-interval variations of WSIIs from the long-range transported BB smoke are thus interesting to investigate. This work monitored short-interval values of PM2.5 WSIIs and accompanied with the related measuring items at the Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (2,862 m a.s.l.) for analysis in autumn 2016 and spring 2017.
The campaign in autumn 2016 showed that PM10 mass concentration was averaged at 4.6 ± 2.1 ug m-3 excluding the influence of mountain-valley wind. Among various PM2.5 WSIIs, SO42- was the sole ion exceeding detection limit with an average of 0.8 ± 0.6 ug m-3. Light-scattering coefficients of PM10 and PM1 were averaged at 14.8 ± 13.5 and 9.6 ± 0.8 M m-1, respectively. In contrast, PM10 and PM1 light-absorption coefficients were 1.4 ± 0.9 M m-1 and 1.1 ± 0.8 M m-1, respectively. These aerosol properties characterized background air of a high-elevation site in East Asia in autumn 2016. Note that the levels of WSIIs such as SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ increased greatly when mountain-valley wind occurred.
In the field study of spring 2017, however, PM2.5 mass concentration, PM10 and PM1 optical coefficients, and PM2.5 WSIIs all exceeded the corresponding values in autumn 2016 when excluding the influences of BB and mountain-valley wind. Similarly, all measurements in spring 2017 exceeded that in autumn 2016 under the influence of mountain-valley wind, which was prBBably due to higher background values. During the BB events in spring 2017, levels of PM2.5 mass increased to 22.0 ± 8.3 ug m-3 and K+, a BB tracer, also increased greatly to 0.3 ± 0.1 μg m-3. The mean levels of other three major WSIIs, namely, SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+, were 4.3 ± 1.9, 1.1 ± 1.0, and 1.7 ± 0.8 ug m-3, respectively. Moreover, PM10 and PM1 light-scattering coefficients increased to 164.4 ± 46.4 and 108.2 ± 30.3 M m-1, respectively. The light-absorption coefficients were 21.8 ± 7.7 and 16.8 ± 6.3 M m-1, respectively. For the possible associated compound forms of WSIIs, the ISORROPIAⅡ model simulation came up with ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, potassium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and potassium nitrate. Finally, the investigation of aerosol WSIIs on atmospheric radiation degradation showed that WSIIs influenced aerosol optical depth greatly.

關鍵字(中)

★ 氣膠水溶性無機離子短時間變化
★ 生質燃燒煙團長程傳輸
★ 雲霧事件
★ 山谷風
★ AOD與PM2.5水溶性無機離子

關鍵字(英)

★ Short-interval variations of aerosol water-soluble inorganic ions
★ ong-range transport of biomass burning smoke
★ fog events
★ mountain-valley wind
★ AOD and PM2.5 water-soluble inorganic ions

論文目次

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 XI
第一章前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章文獻回顧 3
2.1 生質燃燒 3
2.1.1 生質燃燒氣膠長程傳輸 3
2.1.2 生質燃燒氣膠化學成分特性 4
2.1.3 生質燃燒氣膠粒徑變化 5
2.1.4 生質燃燒氣膠光學特性 5
2.2 氣膠光學厚度(aerosol optical depth, AOD) 6
2.3 氣膠水溶性無機離子 6
2.3.1 氣膠中和狀況與結合型態 7
2.4 高山地區氣膠與氣體 9
2.4.1 雲霧動態變化 10
2.4.2 山谷風循環 12
2.5 氣膠水溶性離子連續監測儀器 12
2.5.1 平行板濕式固氣分離器 13
2.5.2 即時氣膠水溶性離子監測儀器 14
2.6 模擬氣膠含水量與pH值 15
2.6.1 氣膠pH值 15
2.6.2 氣膠含水量模擬 16
第三章研究方法 17
3.1 研究架構 17
3.2 採樣地點與採樣週期 19
3.3 採樣設備與方法 21
3.3.1 短時間氣膠水溶性無機離子監測 21
3.4 大氣氣膠連續監測系統 25
3.4.1 自動監測儀器 25
3.4.2 NOAA氣膠觀測系統 26
3.4.3 積分式散光儀(Integrating Nephelometer) 27
3.4.4 微粒碳吸收光度計(PSAP) 30
3.4.5 粒徑分布監測系統 34
3.4.6 其他連續監測儀器 37
3.5 氣流軌跡模式(NOAA Hysplit) 39
3.6 ISORROPIAⅡ模式分析 41
第四章結果與討論 42
4.1 鹿林山氣膠水溶性無機離子短時間變化 42
4.1.1 短時間自動監測與手動量測水溶性無機離子比對 42
4.1.2 鹿林山氣象資料、氣體、氣膠、水溶性無機離子動態變化 46
4.1.3 山谷風、雲霧及生質燃燒事件辨識方法 54
4.1.4 鹿林山氣膠水溶性離子不同軌跡來源短時間變化 56
4.2 鹿林山秋季山谷風事件氣膠、氣體及氣象參數動態變化 61
4.2.1 第一次山谷風事件(2016年11月2日) 68
4.2.2 第二次山谷風事件(2016年11月4日) 77
4.2.3 彙整秋季鹿林山山谷風事件氣膠、氣體動態變化 86
4.3 鹿林山春季生質燃燒事件氣膠、氣體及氣象參數動態變化 90
4.3.1 第一次生質燃燒事件(3月2日至3月7日) 90
4.3.2 第二次生質燃燒事件(3月11日至3月14日) 105
4.3.3 第三次生質燃燒事件(4月4日至4月7日) 120
4.3.4 彙整鹿林山生質燃燒事件氣體資料與氣膠動態特性 134
4.4 鹿林山春季山谷風事件氣膠、氣體及氣象參數動態變化 140
4.4.1 3月27日至3月28日山谷風事件 140
4.4.2 4月2日至4月3日山谷風事件 153
4.4.3 彙整秋季與春季鹿林山山谷風事件氣膠、氣體動態變化 165
4.5 探討不同污染源及高山氣膠水溶性無機離子成分比值、氣膠數目濃度與體積濃度 171
4.6 探討鹿林山不同環境條件短時間氣膠化學成分與AOD關係 178
第五章結論與建議 186
5.1 結論 186
5.2 建議 189
第六章參考文獻 190
附錄一、2016秋季與2017年春季鹿林山觀測期間逆推軌跡圖 198
附錄二、2017年春季鹿林山觀測期間火點圖 214
附錄三、口試委員意見與回覆 219

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指導教授

李崇德(Chung-Te Lee)

審核日期

2018-7-24

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