參考文獻 |
Almuttahar, A., Taghipour, F., 2008. Computational fluid dynamics of a circulating fluidized bed under various fluidization conditions. Chem. Eng. Sci. 63 (6), 1696-1709. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2007.11.020.
ANSYS Inc., 2016. ANSYS FLUENT User′s Guide and Theory Guide, Version 17.2.
Azadi, M., Azadi, M., Mohebbi, A., 2010. A CFD study of the effect of cyclone size on its performance parameters. J. Hazard. Mater. 182(1-3), 835-841. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.115.
Basu, P., 2006. Combustion and Gasification in Fluidized Beds, Taylor and Francis, USA.
Benyahia, S., Arastoopour, H., Knowlton, T.M., Massah, H., 2000. Simulation of particles and gas flow behavior in the riser section of a circulating fluidized bed using the kinetic theory approach for the particulate phase. Powder Technol. 112 (1-2), 24-33. doi: 10.1016/S0032-5910(99)00302-2.
Bergman, T.L., Lavine, A.S., Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P., 2011. Appendix A: Thermophysical Properties of Matters, in: Bergman, T.L., Lavine, A.S., Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P. (Eds.), Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, seventh ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey, USA, pp. 983-1011.
Bhaskaran, S., Gupta, S., De, S., 2018. Dual Fluidized Bed Gasification of Solid Fuels, in: De, S., Agarwal, A., Moholkar, V., Thallada, B. (Eds.), Coal and Biomass Gasification. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore, pp. 425-454.
Bidwe, A.R., 2017. Hydrodynamic studies of the dual fluidized bed reactor systems for high temperature solid looping cycles. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
Bidwe, A.R., Hawthorne, C., Xizhi, Y., Dieter, H., Scheffknecht, G., 2014. Cold model study of a dual fluidized bed system for the gasification of solid fuels. Fuel 127, 151-160. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.12.020.
Bull, D. R., 2008. Performance Improvements to a Fast Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed (FICFB) Biomass Gasifier for Combined Heat and Power Plants. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
Charitos, A., Hawthorne, C., Bidwe, A. R., Korovesis, L., Schuster, A., & Scheffknecht, G., 2010. Hydrodynamic analysis of a 10kwth calcium looping dual fluidized bed for post-combustion CO2 capture. Powder Technol., 200(3), 117-127. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.02.012.
Chen, Y., Adams, T.A., Barton, B.I., 2011. Optimal design and operation of static energy polygeneration systems. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50 (9), 5099-5113. doi: 10.1021/ie101568v.
Chen, Y.G., Tian, Z.P., Miao, Z.Q., 2006. Analysis of the pressure fluctuations in binary solids circulating fluidized bed. Energy Convers. Manage. 47 (5), 611-623. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2005.05.013.
Chen, W., Williams, K.C., Jones, M.G., 2016. Applications of Numerical Modeling in Pneumatic Conveying, in: Mills, D. (Ed.), Pneumatic Conveying Design Guide, third ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, pp. 521-552.
Cheng, L., Basu, P., 1999. Effect of pressure on loop seal operation for a pressurized circulating fluidized bed. Powder Technol. 103 (3), 203-211. doi: 10.1016/S0032-5910(99)00018-2.
Chitester, D.C., Kornosky, R.M., Fan, L.S., Danko, J.P., 1984. Characteristics of fluidization at high pressure. Chem. Eng. Sci. 39 (2), 253-261. doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(84)80025-1.
Chu, K.W., Wang, B., Xu, D.L., Chen, Y.X., Yu, A.B., 2011. CFD-DEM simulation of the gas-solid flow in a cyclone separator. Chem. Eng. Sci. 66, 834-847. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2010.11.026.
Corella, J., Toledo, J.M., Molina, G., 2007. A review on dual fluidized bed biomass gasifiers. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46, 6831-6839. doi: 10.1021/ie0705507.
Cortés, C., Gil, A., 2007. Modeling the gas and particle flow inside cyclone separators. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 33, 409-452. doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2007.02.001.
Cui, J., Chen, X., Gong, X., Yu, G., 2010. Numerical study of gas-solid flow in a radial-inlet structure cyclone separator. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49 (11), 5450-5460. doi: 10.1021/ie901962r.
Derksen, J.J., 2003. Separation performance predictions of a stairmand high-efficiency cyclone. AIChE J. 49 (6), 1359-1371. doi: 10.1002/aic.690490603.
Ding, J., Gidaspow, D., 1990. A bubbling fluidization model using kinetic theory of granular flow. AIChE J. 36 (4), 523-538. doi: 10.1002/aic.690360404.
Dinh, C.B., Liao, C.C., Hsiau, S.S., 2017. Numerical study of hydrodynamics with surface heat transfer in a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor applied to fast pyrolysis of rice husk. Adv. Powder Technol. 28 (2), 419-429. doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2016.10.013.
Dinh, C.B., Hsiau, S.S., Su, C.Y., Tsai, M.Y., Chen, Y.S., Nguyen, H.B., Wan, H.P., 2019. Predictions of undesirable air-sand flow behaviors in a dual fluidized bed cold flow system via a CFD full-loop model, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. In Press.
Elsayed, K., 2011. Analysis and Optimization of Cyclone Separators Geometry Using RANS and LES Methodologies. Ph.D. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
Elsayed, K., Lacor, C., 2011. The effect of cyclone inlet dimensions on the flow pattern and performance. Appl. Math. Modell. 35 (4), 1952-1968. doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2010.11.007.
Ergun, S., 1952, Fluid flow through packed columns. Chem. Eng. Prog. 48 (2), 89-94.
Folkeson, B., 2014. Propensity of bed materials used in dual fluidized beds to retain ash-forming elements from biomass fuels. M.Sc. Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
Geldart, D., Jones, P., 1991. The behaviour of l-valves with granular powders. Powder Technol. 67 (2), 163-174. doi: 10.1016/0032-5910(91)80153-A.
Geng, C.M., Zhong, W.Q., Shao, Y.J., Chen, D.L., Jin, B.S., 2015. Computational study of solid circulation in chemical-looping combustion reactor model. Powder Technol. 276, 144-155. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.01.077
Gibilaro, L.G., 2001. Fluidization Dynamics, Butterworth-Heinemann, UK.
Gidaspow, D., 1994. Multiphase Flow and Fluidization: Continuum and Kinetic Theory Descriptions, Academic Press, Boston.
Gidaspow, D., Bezburuah, R., Ding, J., 1992. Hydrodynamics of Circulating Fluidized Beds, Kinetic Theory Approach, in: Potter, O.E., Nicklin, D.J. (Eds.), Fluidization VII: Proceedings of the 7th Engineering Foundation Conference on Fluidization, Engineering Foundation, New York, pp. 75-82.
Goo, J.H., Seo, M.W., Park, D.K., Kim, S.D., Lee, S.H., Lee, J.G., Song, B.H., 2008. Hydrodynamic properties in a cold-model dual fluidized-bed gasifier. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 41 (7), 686-690. doi: 10.1252/jcej.07WE111.
Grace, J.R., Bi, H., 1997. Introduction to Circulating Fluidized Beds, in: Grace, J.R., Avidan, A.A., Knowlton, T.M. (Eds) Circulating Fluidized Beds. Springer, Dordrecht. doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-0095-0_1.
Grieco, E., Marmo, L., 2006. Predicting the pressure drop across the solids flow rate control device of a circulating fluidized bed. Powder Technol. 161 (2), 89-97. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2005.08.035.
Guan, Y.J., Chang, J., Zhang, K., Wang, B.D., Sun, Q., 2014. Three-dimensional CFD simulation of hydrodynamics in an interconnected fluidized bed for chemical looping combustion. Powder Technol. 268, 316-328. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.08.046.
Guan, Y.J., Chang, J., Zhang, K., Wang, B.D., Sun, Q., Wen, D.S., 2016. Three-dimensional full loop simulation of solids circulation in an interconnected fluidized bed. Powder Technol. 289, 118-125. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.11.043.
Habl, M.A., Frohner, A., Tondl, G., Pfeifer, C., 2017. Fluid dynamics study on a dual fluidized bed cold-flow model. Powder Technol. 316, 469-475. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.12.064.
Hejazi, B., Grace, J.R., Bi, X.T., Andres, M.B., 2017. Kinetic Model of Steam Gasification of Biomass in a Dual Fluidized Bed Reactor-Comparison with Pilot-Plant Experimental Results. Energy Fuels 31, 12141-12155. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01833.
Hofbauer, H., 2006. Scale Up of Fluidized Bed Gasifiers from Laboratory Scale to Commercial Plants: Steam Gasification of Solid Biomass in a Dual Fluidized Bed System, in: Winter, F. (Ed.), 19th Int. Conf. Fluid. Bed Combust., Vienna, Austria.
Hofbauer, H., Rauch, R., Bosch, K., Koch, R., Aichernig, C., 2003. Biomass CHP Plant Gussing – A Success Story, in: Bridgwater, A.V. (Ed.), Pyrolysis and gasification of biomass and waste, CPL Press, Newbury, UK, pp. 527-536.
Hofbauer, H., Rauch, R., Loeffler, G., Kaiser, S., Fercher, E., Tremmel, H., 2002. Six years experience with the FICFB-gasification process. 12th European Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, Amsterdam.
Hoffmann, A., Stein, L., 2008. Gas Cyclones and Swirl Tubes: Principles, Design and Operation. second ed., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York.
Huilin, L., Gidaspow, D., 2003. Hydrodynamics of binary fluidization in a riser: CFD simulation using two granular temperatures. Chem. Eng. Sci. 58, 3777-3792. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00238-0.
Jang, H.T., Park, T.S., Cha, W.S., 2010. Mixing-segregation phenomena of binary system in a fluidized bed. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 16 (3), 390-394. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2009.10.003.
Jiao, J., Liu, Z., Zheng, Y., 2007. Evaluations and modifications on reynolds stress model in cyclone simulations. Chem. Eng. Technol. 30 (1), 15-20. doi: 10.1002/ceat.200600311.
Johnson, P.C., Jackson, R., 1987. Frictional-collisional constitutive relations for granular materials, with application to plane shearing. J. Fluid Mech. 176, 67-93. doi: 10.1017/S0022112087000570.
Kaiser, S., Löffler, G., Bosch, K., Hofbauer, H., 2003. Hydrodynamics of a dual fluidized bed gasifier, Part II: simulation of solid circulation rate, pressure loop and stability. Chem. Eng. Sci. 58 (18), 4215-4223. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2509(03)00233-1.
Karagoz, I., Kaya, F., 2007. CFD investigation of the flow and heat transfer characteristics in a tangential inlet cyclone. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 34 (9-10), 1119-1126. doi: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2007.05.017.
Karmakar, M.K., Datta, A.B., 2010. Hydrodynamics of a dual fluidized bed gasifier. Adv. Powder Technol. 21, 521-528. doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2010.02.001.
Kraft, S., Kirnbauer, F., Hofbauer, H., 2017. Investigations using a cold flow model of char mixing in the gasification reactor of a dual fluidized bed gasification plant. Powder Technol. 316, 687-696. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.10.032.
Kunii, D., Levenspiel, O., 1991. Fluidization Engineering, second ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
Kunii, D., Levenspiel, O., 1997. Circulating fluidized-bed reactors. Chem. Eng. Sci. 52(15), 2471–2482. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2509(97)00066-3.
Latif, A., 1999. A study of the design of fluidized bed reactors for biomass gasification. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, UK.
Li, T., Dietiker, J., Shahnam, M., 2012. MFIX simulation of NETL/PSRI challenge problem of circulating fluidized bed. Chem. Eng. Sci. 84, 746-760. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2012.09.024.
Li, T., Pannala, S., Shahnam, M., 2014. CFD simulations of circulating fluidized bed risers, part II, evaluation of differences between 2D and 3D simulations. Powder Technol. 254, 115-124. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.022.
Lim, M.T., 2012. Hydrodynamics of a Cold Model of a Dual Fluidized Bed Gasification Plant. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Lim, M.T., Saw, W., Pang, S., 2015. Effect of fluidizing velocity on gas bypass and solid fraction in a dual fluidized bed gasifier and a cold model. Particuology 18, 58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.partic.2014.05.007.
Liu, H., Cattolica, R.J., Seiser, R., 2016. CFD studies on biomass gasification in a pilot-scale dual fluidized-bed system. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41, 11974-11989. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.04.205.
Liu, H., Cattolica, R.J., Seiser, R., 2017. Operating parameter effects on the solids circulation rate in the CFD simulation of a dual fluidized-bed gasification system. Chem. Eng. Sci. 169, 235-245. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.11.040.
Lun, C.K.K., Savage, S.B., Jeffrey, D.J., Chepurniy, N., 1984. Kinetic Theories for Granular Flow: Inelastic Particles in Couette Flow and Slightly Inelastic Particles in a General Flow Field. J. Fluid Mech. 140, 223-256. doi: 10.1017/S0022112084000586.
Manchasing, C., Kuchonthara, P., Chalermsinsuwan, B., Piumsomboon, P., 2013. Experiment and computational fluid dynamics simulation of in-depth system hydrodynamics in dual-bed gasifier. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38 (25), 10417-10430. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.06.033.
Marinkovic, J., 2016. Choice of bed material: a critical parameter in the optimization of dual fluidized bed systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
Mauerhofer, A.M., Benedikt, F., Schmid, J.C., Hofbauer, H., 2017. Mixtures of Silica Sand and Calcite as Bed Material for Dual Fluidized Bed Steam Gasification, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Protection – Bioenergy and Biofuels, Bled, Slovenia. doi: 10.18690/978-961-286-048-6.26.
Mineto, A.T., Braun, M.P.D.S., Navarro, H.A., Gómez, L.C., 2014. Influence of the granular temperature in the numerical simulation of gas-solid flow in a bubbling fluidized bed. Chem. Eng. Commun. 201 (8), 1003-1020. doi: 10.1080/00986445.2013.794138.
Nguyen, T.D.B., Seo, M.W., Lim, Y.I., Song, B.H., Kim, S.D., 2012. CFD simulation with experiments in a dual circulating fluidized bed gasifier. Comput. Chem. Eng. 36, 48-56. doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2011.07.005.
Pfeifer, C., Koppatz, S., Hofbauer, H., 2011. Steam gasification of various feedstocks at a dual fluidised bed gasifier: Impacts of operation conditions and bed materials. Biomass Convers. Biorefin. 1(1), 39-53. doi: 10.1007/s13399-011-0007-1.
Rahman, M.H., Bi, X.T., Grace, J.R., Lim, C.J., 2017. Measurement of solids circulation rate in a high-temperature dual fluidized bed pilot plant. Powder Technol. 316, 658-669. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.01.073.
Sahoo, P., Sahoo, A., 2014. A comparative study on effect of different parameters of CFD modeling for gas-solid fluidized bed. Part. Sci. Technol. 33 (3), 273-289. doi: 10.1080/02726351.2014.952393.
Schmid, J., Pröll, T., Pfeifer, C., Hofbauer, H., 2011. Improvement of gas-solid interaction in dual circulating fluidized bed systems, in: Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers (INFUB) in Portugal, CENERTEC, Rio Tinto.
Seo, M.W., Nguyen, T.D.B., Lim, Y.I., Kim, S.D., Park, S.W., Song, B.H., Kim, Y.J., 2011. Solid circulation and loop-seal characteristics of a dual circulating fluidized bed: Experiments and CFD simulation. Chem. Eng. J. 168 (2), 803-811. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.01.041.
Shah, S., Ritvanen, J., Hyppanen, T., Kallio, S., 2012. Space averaging on a gas-solid drag model for numerical simulations of a CFB riser. Powder Technol. 218, 131-139. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2011.11.053.
Shih, T.H., Liou, W.W., Shabbir, A., Yang, Z.G., Zhu, J., 1995. A new k-epsilon eddy-viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows: Model development and validation. Comput. Fluids 24 (3), 227-238. doi: 10.1016/0045-7930(94)00032-T.
Shrestha, S., Ali, B.S., Jan, B.M., Hamid, M.D.B., Sheikh, K.E., 2015. Hydrodynamic characteristics in cold model of dual fluidized bed gasifiers. Powder Technol. 286, 246-256. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.04.082.
Shrestha, S., Ali, B.S., Jan, B.M., Lim, M.T., Sheik, K.E., 2016a. Hydrodynamic properties of a cold model of dual fluidized bed gasifier – A modeling and experimental investigation. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 109, 791-805. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2016.04.002.
Shrestha, S., Ali, B.S., Hamid, M.D.B., 2016b. Cold flow model of dual fluidized bed: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 53, 1529-1548. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.034.
Shukla, S.K., Shukla, P., Ghosh, P., 2013. The effect of modeling of velocity fluctuations on prediction of collection efficiency of cyclone separators. Appl. Math. Modell. 37, 5774-5789. doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2012.11.019.
Stendal, E.A.R., 2013. Multiphase Flows in Cyclone Separators-Modeling the classification and drying of solid particles using CFD. M.Sc. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
Sutherland, W., 1893. LII. The viscosity of gases and molecular force. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 36, 507-531. doi: 10.1080/14786449308620508.
Syamlal, M., 1987. The particle-particle drag term in a multiparticle model of fluidization. Technical report, National Technical Information Service, West Virginia.
Syamlal, M., Rogers, W., O’Brien, T.J., 1993. MFIX documentation theory guide. Technical report, National Technical Information Service, West Virginia.
Thapa, R.K., Frohner, A., Tondl, G., Pfeifer, C., Halvorsen, B.M., 2016. Circulating fluidized bed combustion reactor: Computational Particle Fluid Dynamic model validation and gas feed position optimization. Comput. Chem. Eng. 92, 180-188. doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2016.05.008.
Utikar, R.D., Tade, N., Li, M., Evans, Q., Glenny, G., Pareek, V., 2010. Hydrodynamic simulation of cyclone separators. in: Oh, H.W. (Ed.), Computational Fluid Dynamics. InTechOpen, Croatia, pp. 241-266. doi: 10.5772/7106.
Wan, G., Sun, G., Xue, X., Shi, M., 2008. Solids concentration simulation of different size particles in a cyclone separator. Powder Technol. 183 (1), 94-104. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2007.11.019.
Wang, X.Y., Lei, J., Xu, X., Ma, Z.Z., Xiao, Y.H., 2014. Simulation and experimental verification of a hydrodynamic model for a dual fluidized bed gasifier. Powder Technol. 256, 324-335. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.087.
Wen, C.Y., Yu, Y.H., 1966. A generalized method for prediction of the minimum fluidization velocity. AIChE J. 12 (3), 610-612. doi: 10.1002/aic.690120343.
Xiang, R.B., Lee, K.W., 2005. Numerical study of flow field in cyclones of different height. Chem. Eng. Process. 44, 877-883. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2004.09.006.
Xiang, R.B., Lee, K.W., 2008. Effects of exit tube diameter on the flow field in cyclones. Part. Sci. Technol. 26 (5), 467-481. doi: 10.1080/02726350802367829.
Xu, G., Murakami, T., Suda, T., Matsuzawa, Y., Tani, H., 2006. The superior technical choice for dual fluidized bed gasification. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45 (7), 2281-2286. doi: 10.1021/ie051099r.
Yang, S., Yang, H., Zhang, H., Li, J., Yue, G., 2009. Impact of operating conditions on the performance of the external loop in a CFB reactor. Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif. 48 (4), 921-926. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2008.12.004.
Zhang, Y.W., Chao, Z.X., Jakobsen, H.A., 2017. Modelling and simulation of hydrodynamics in double loop circulating fluidized bed reactor for chemical looping combustion process, Powder Technol. 310, 35-45. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.01.028.
Zhou, X.Y., Gao, J.S., Xu, C.M., Lan, X.Y., 2013. Effect of wall boundary condition on CFD simulation of CFB risers. Particuology 11 (5), 556-565. doi: 10.1016/j.partic.2012.08.006. |