以物理試驗及數值耦合分析探討3D列印地工格網於軟弱土壤之加勁機制

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簡志峻(Chih-Chun Chien) 查詢紙本館藏

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土木工程學系

論文名稱

以物理試驗及數值耦合分析探討3D列印地工格網於軟弱土壤之加勁機制
(Exploring the reinforcing mechanisms of 3D-printed geogrid in the soft clayey soil by physical tests and numerical coupling analyses)

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至系統瀏覽論文 (2025-8-1以後開放)

摘要(中)

地工格網應用於無鋪面道路之加勁效果，已有許多學者利用物理試驗及現地實驗等不同方式進行加州貫入比(CBR)之評估，但其產製方式與幾何性質對於加勁效果的相關研究，仍屬少數。
本研究分別以物理實驗與數值模型進行分析與探討，在物理實驗部分以CBR試驗進行分析，並以高嶺土作為軟弱路基黏土層的材料，基底層材料為單一尺寸的人造三角柱研磨石，由不同變數包含基底層厚度、地工格網開口幾何形狀、產製方式(市售PET材料與3D列印材料)等條件下探討加勁機制與效益。研究結果顯示，地工格網於軟弱黏土之加勁效果顯而易見，並以三角形孔徑地工格網加勁效果較佳。
在數值模型部分，本研究依據物理實驗模型，運用有限差分分析軟體(FLAC3D)以連體力學建立路基層架構，由離散元素分析軟體(PFC3D)以顆粒力學建立基底層與地工格網架構，並將FLAC3D與PFC3D藉由等效力系統轉換概念進行耦合運算，以探討無鋪面道路加載過程，路基層、基底層及地工格網加勁機制與微觀行為，並由實驗結果進行參數校正與模型驗證。研究結果顯示，地工格網提供張力作用，減少路基層與基底層界面之垂直應力；此外，由基底材顆粒位移、接觸力發展、路基層剪應力及累積剪應變等分析結果顯示，地工格網之加勁機制使基底層發揮顆粒互鎖機制，並與其產生圍束效應，使應力分布較寬廣，進而導致路基層頂部的接觸壓力相對較低，此一現象及加勁機制為相關課題首次以數值耦合分析證實。
綜合以上所述，運用3D列印之地工格網，具有與市售加勁格網之類似效果，因此可在後續研究中客製化不同類型地工格網，並藉由連續體耦合非連續體數值模型，調整路基層、基底層與地工格網相關參數，可進一步先行模擬各參數於設計路基剖面所產生之等值加勁效果，提供給工程設計使用。

摘要(英)

The reinforcing effect of geogrid has been studied through physical tests, numerical modeling, and in-situ testing for the past decades. The effect is usually expressed in terms of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) or the equivalent shear strength. The reinforcing mechanisms of geogrid applied in soft subgrade have been studied by many researchers while producing customized geogrid using 3D printing technology and evaluating the reinforcing effect is uncommon yet necessary to study different configurations of geogrids. This study aims at evaluating the geogrid reinforcing effects among geogrids with various configurations using CBR tests. Afterward, the reinforcing mechanisms are evaluated through a novel numerical coupling analysis. Stress and deformation variations of the discrete base aggregate material and the subgrade represented by continuum medium during CBR simulation were investigated.
In physical tests, Kaolin powders were mixed with the specified water content as the soft subgrade material, while the aggregate base material was represented by artificial triangular-prism-type grindstone. Various design parameters such as base thickness, geogrid aperture shape, manufacturing method (commercial and 3D printed products) were considered to evaluate the effect of reinforcement. Results have shown that the geogrid improves the overall performance of the simulated soil layers, and triangular aperture geogrid performs better than square ones.
After the numerical models were verified using the physical test results, the aggregate layer simulated by discrete elements and the subgrade layer simulated by finite-difference models were coupled to investigate the reinforcing mechanisms of the unpaved roadway foundations. It was observed that due to the high stiffness of the geogrid, the vertical stress transferred to the subgrade layer was significantly reduced. Based on the displacement vectors, contact forces between aggregate particles, and subgrade shear strains, it could be seen that the geogrid provides an effective approach to limit the displacement of the aggregate particles close to the interface of two layers. The above response results in the effective interlocking between aggregate particles and the confinement of the aggregate layers.
Based on the above discussions and findings, the 3D-printed geogrid can perform equally as the commercial products. Hence the effect of different geogrid configurations could be customized during the research phase. Employing the numerical coupling analysis in this study is suitable for both aggregate and subgrade layers and interpreting the reinforcing mechanisms is straightforward. Therefore, the design of geogrid-reinforced roadways could be analyzed first using the proposed numerical approach and an optimized design cross-section could be provided to practitioners for further applications.

關鍵字(中)

★ 加州貫入比試驗
★ 軟弱土壤
★ 地工格網加勁
★ 3D列印
★ 三角形地工格網
★ 數值耦合分析

關鍵字(英)

★ California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
★ Soft subgrades
★ Geogrid reinforcement
★ 3D printing technology
★ triangular aperture geogrid
★ numerical coupling analysis

論文目次

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 iii
誌謝 v
目錄 vi
圖目錄 xi
表目錄 xxi
符號說明 xxiv
第一章緒論 1
1-1 研究動機與目的 1
1-2 研究內容與流程 3
1-3 論文架構 6
第二章文獻回顧 8
2-1 地工合成材料之加勁機制 8
2-1-1 地工合成材提供之張力作用 8
2-1-2 顆粒互鎖與圍束效應作用 10
2-1-3 基底層夯實效果提升 11
2-2 地工合成材料鋪設位置 12
2-3 地工格網幾何形狀與加勁效果差異 14
2-4 加州貫入比運用於道路承載力分析 15
2-5 基底層厚度與加勁效果之影響 16
2-6 路基層土壤承載力與應力傳遞 17
2-7 數值模型分析與運用 19
第三章 CBR試驗與結果討論 24
3-1 CBR及實驗材料與儀器準備 24
3-1-1 CBR模具 25
3-1-2 軟弱黏土(路基層)準備 26
3-1-3 地工格網種類 30
3-1-4 基底層(圓球形及三角柱狀研磨石) 39
3-1-5 CBR試驗及試體準備 41
3-1-6 CBR曲線校正 43
3-2 CBR實驗結果與討論 45
3-2-1 全路基層與全基底層實驗結果與分析 46
3-2-2 未加勁系統實驗結果與分析 48
3-2-3 加勁系統實驗結果與分析 50
3-2-4 試驗結果討論 57
第四章數值耦合分析之理論基礎 67
4-1 FLAC3D耦合PFC3D模擬概述 67
4-2 顆粒流分析之理論基礎 68
4-2-1 PFC3D程式運算原理與基本假設 69
4-2-2 運動方程式 70
4-2-3 PFC模型元件 73
4-2-4 PFC3D之接觸勁度、類型與組成模式介紹 76
4-3 FLAC之理論基礎 86
4-3-1 FLAC程式運算原理與與特點 86
4-3-2 FLAC3D之計算 88
4-3-3 FLAC3D模型元件 93
4-3-4 FLAC3D模式 96
4-4 FLAC3D耦合PFC3D運算原理與流程 97
4-4-1 重心外推法 97
4-4-2 FLAC3D耦合PFC3D計算 99
4-4-3 FLAC3D耦合PFC3D之優點 101
第五章 CBR實驗模擬分析參數率定與驗證 102
5-1 全路基層數值模擬分析與驗證 106
5-1-1 全路基層數值模型建置與邊界條件 106
5-1-2 全路基層數值模擬分析與參數校正 113
5-1-3 全路基層數值模擬驗證 122
5-2 全基底層數值模擬分析與驗證 128
5-2-1 全基底層數值模型建置與邊界條件 128
5-2-2 全基底層數值模擬分析與參數校正 136
5-2-3 全基底層數值模擬驗證 148
5-3 未加勁系統(Model 3)數值模擬分析與驗證 154
5-3-1 未加勁系統數值模型建置與邊界條件 154
5-3-2 未加勁系統數值模擬分析與參數校正 161
5-3-3 未加勁系統數值模擬驗證 168
5-4 加勁系統(Model 4)數值模擬分析與驗證 170
5-4-1 加勁系統數值模型建置與邊界條件 171
5-4-2 加勁系統數值模擬分析與參數校正 177
5-4-3 加勁系統數值模擬驗證 186
第六章 CBR實驗之數值模擬分析與微觀機制探討 188
6-1 CBR試驗之微觀力學機制發展 188
6-2 全路基層(Model 1)與未加勁系統(Model 3)之CBR模擬比較與微觀力學機制討論 202
6-3 未加勁系統(Model 3)與加勁系統(Model 4)之CBR模擬比較與微觀力學機制討論 209
6-4 地工格網加勁行為之微觀機制探討 228
第七章結論與建議 251
7-1 結論 251
7-1-1 CBR試驗 251
7-1-2 數值模擬CBR試驗 253
7-2 建議 257
參考文獻 260
附錄一問題與答覆 266
附錄二數值模型Model 1~ Model 4程式碼 278

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指導教授

黃文昭(Wen-Chao Huang)

審核日期

2021-12-8

推文