以有機金屬框架製備鐵摻雜富鋰鎳錳鈷氧正極材料 應用於鋰離子電池之研究

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李青泓(Ching-Hung Lee) 查詢紙本館藏

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化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

以有機金屬框架製備鐵摻雜富鋰鎳錳鈷氧正極材料應用於鋰離子電池之研究
(The Study of Fe-doped Li-rich Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 Cathode Material Prepare Using Metal-Organic Framework for Lithium-ion Battery)

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至系統瀏覽論文 (2029-6-30以後開放)

摘要(中)

富鋰層狀鋰鎳錳鈷正極材(Lithium-rich layered lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2, LRO) ，由於其擁有最高的能量密度、最寬的電壓窗口以及良好的工作電壓，被認為有前途的正極材料，此外同時作為一種高錳的正極材料，具備低成本以及較好的環性友善性。然而，Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2的結構不穩定性導致循環性能差、容量衰減，限制了富鋰正極材料的發展。
為了解決這些挑戰，我們提出了一種創新方法，使用基於對苯二甲酸（PTA）的金屬有機框架（MOFs）之前驅物合成Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2。在此過程中，有機配體作為模板，使金屬離子的均勻排列並大幅縮小顆粒尺寸，提升材料的Li+傳導率。另外直接讓鐵參與配位反應，形成鐵摻雜 Li1.2Mn0.54-xNi0.13Co0.13FexO2，進一步提升材料的穩定性，此外，我們分析不同充放電樣本的結構變化，建立起材料與電化學性能之間的關聯性。我們的研究揭示了正極材料在長期循環中的詳細結構重組，並為理解電池材料再生現象提供了理論支持與新的研究方向。
從結果可以發現在有機金屬框架製程中，正極材料會自動生成Li2Co3 均勻包覆在Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2表面，保護材料減少電解液劣化反應，提升 Li+ 擴散。通過適當的鐵摻雜，控制Li2MnO3相態，提升材料的穩定性，其中Li1.2Mn0.54-xNi0.13Co0.13FexO2 (x =0.03) 樣品擁有最佳的性能表現，在 0.2 C 下，具有 250mAh/g 之實際電容量，在 1 C條件下進行 200 次與500次循環下，分別維持189 mAh/g和179 mAh/g的電容量，並且在不同倍率測試中，顯示2 C和5 C下能夠擁有170 mAh/g與127 mAh/g，揭示以有機金屬框架與鐵摻雜之結合，所合成出來的Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2，其綜合性能遠超過其他製程。

摘要(英)

Lithium-rich layered lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2 (LRO) has been recognized as a promising cathode material. Due to its highest energy density, widest voltage window, and excellent operating voltage. Furthermore, as a high-manganese cathode material, it possesses low cost and good environmental compatibility. However, the structural instability of LRO leads to poor cycling performance, capacity decay, limiting the development of lithium-rich materials.
To address these challenges, we propose an innovative approach to synthesize LRO cathode materials from precursors using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on purified terephthalic acid (PTA). In this process, organic ligands serve as templates, facilitating uniform arrangement of metal ions and significantly reducing particle size to prepare cathode materials with high cycling stability and energy density. With Fe doping into the PTA-Mn-Ni-Co precursor. We successfully using XRD, XPS, and TEM confirm the incorporation of Fe into the material structure. In addition, we established a direct correlation between material structural changes and electrochemical performance and observed the microscopic structure of the samples through HR-TEM. Our research reveals detailed structural reorganization of cathode materials during long-term cycles and provides a microscopic mechanism for capacity increase, offering theoretical support for understanding battery material regeneration phenomena. The in-situ generate a Li2CO3 coating layer on the surface of LRO during the MOFs process, protecting the material from degradation reactions with the electrolyte and enhancing Li+ diffusion. Furthermore, by appropriate Fe doping, we control the ratio of Li2MnO3 phase to improve material stability. Among the different Fe doping sample, the Li1.2Mn0.54-xNi0.13Co0.13FexO2 (x=0.03) sample exhibits the best performance, achieving an actual capacity of 250 mAh/g at 0.2 C, and discharge capacity of 189 mAh/g and 179 mAh/g after 200 and 500 cycles at 1 C rate, respectively. Moreover, it maintains capacity of 170 mAh/g and 127 mAh/g at 2 C and 5 C rates, respectively. Compared with LRO from other literature, it reveals that the LRO combined with metal-organic frameworks and Fe doping exhibits significantly greater cycling stability than LRO produced by other processes.

關鍵字(中)

★ 鋰離子電池
★ 正極材料
★ 有機金屬框架
★ 鐵摻雜
★ 碳酸鋰塗層

關鍵字(英)

★ Lithium-rich layered lithium cathode
★ Metal−Organic Frameworks
★ Fe-doped
★ Li2CO3 coating
★ Lithium-ion battery

論文目次

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1-1 Energy issues and energy storage development 1
1-2 Development of the lithium-ion battery industry 3
1-3 Composition and working principle of lithium-ion batteries 6
1-4 Lithium-Ion battery components 9
1-4-1 Cathode material 9
1-4-1-1 Layered compounds 10
1-4-1-2 Spinel compounds 12
1-4-1-3 Olivine compounds 13
1-4-2 Anode material 13
1-4-3 Separator 15
1-4-4 Current collector 16
1-4-5 Binder 18
1-5 Research motivation 18
Chapter 2 Literature Review 21
2-1 Li-rich layered oxide cathode material 21
2-2 LRO cathode material synthesis method 22
2-2-1 Solid-state reactions method 23
2-2-2 Sol-gel method 23
2-2-3 Hydrothermal method 24
2-2-4 Co-precipitation method 24
2-2-5 Polyol synthesis method 24
2-2-6 Metal-organic framework (MOFs) method 25
2-3 Doping of transition metals 30
Chapter 3 Experimental Method 33
3-1 Experimental framework 33
3-2 Chemical reagent, material and instrument 35
3-2-1 Chemical reagent 35
3-2-2 Experimental material 36
3-2-3 Experimental Instruments 37
3-3 Experimental step 38
3-3-1 Precursor preparation 38
3-3-2 Preparation of cathode material 38
3-3-3 Electrode preparation 39
3-3-4 CR2032 button battery 40
3-4 Material and electrochemical analysis 40
3-4-1 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) 41
3-4-2 Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) 41
3-4-3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 42
3-4-4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 42
3-4-5 Transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) 43
3-4-6 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) 43
3-4-7 Cyclic voltammetry (CV) 44
3-4-8 Charge/Discharge Test 44
Chapter 4 Result and discussion 46
4-1 Precursors of cathode materials with different Fe doping ratios 46
4-1-1 XRD analysis of precursors with different Fe doping ratios 46
4-1-2 FTIR analysis of PTA-Mn-Ni-Co and PTA-Mn-Ni-Co-Fe(x=0.03) 49
4-2 LRO cathode materials with different Fe doping ratios 51
4-2-1 SEM analysis of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05) 51
4-2-2 SEM analysis of LRO and LRFO (x=0.03) for different cycle 56
4-2-3 XRD analysis of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05) 58
4-2-4 XPS analysis of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.03) 62
4-2-5 HR-TEM analysis of LRO (x=0) 68
4-2-6 Cycling performance tests of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05) 70
4-2-7 Rapid cycling performance test of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05) 74
4-2-8 The 0.2 C rate cycling performance and 500-cycle cycling performance tests 76
4-2-10 Electrochemical impedance analysis of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05) 82
4-2-11 Operating Voltage decay analysis of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, 0.03, 0.05) 87
4-3 LRO capacity increase analysis 89
4-3-1 XRD analysis of different cycling samples 89
4-3-2 HR-TEM analysis of different cycles sample 93
4-3-2-1 LRO samples after 5 cycles at 1 C rate 93
4-3-2-2 LRO samples cycled at 1 C for 55 cycles 96
Chapter 5 Conclusion and future perspectives 101
5-1 Precursor 101
5-2 Cathode material 101
5-3 Capacity increase analysis 103
5-4 Future perspectives 104

Figure Contents
Fig. 1 Global carbon dioxide emissions from 1750 to 2022 1
Fig. 2 Years in which various countries will ban the sale of fuel vehicles 2
Fig. 3 Global energy storage market demand 3
Fig. 4 Comparison of average power and energy density for various types of electrochemical energy storage 3
Fig. 5 Estimated value of the global lithium-battery market 4
Fig. 6 Cost composition of electric vehicle power systems 5
Fig. 7 Historical changes in battery costs (USD/kWh) 6
Fig. 8 Global electric vehicle sales from 2013 to 2018 6
Fig. 9 Composition of button battery 8
Fig. 10 Working principle for lithium-ion battery 8
Fig. 11 Common types of crystal structures in lithium-ion battery cathode materials 10
Fig. 12 (a) Crystal structure of olivine compound (b) Li+ diffusion in one-dimensional path of olivine structure 13
Fig. 13 Theoretical capacity and operating voltage of various negative electrode material 15
Fig. 14 The LRO cyclic performance at 0.1 C[70] 22
Fig. 15 Sketch for the LRO samples prepared by sol-gel method. 23
Fig. 16 Schematic diagram of the synthesis process of polycrystal LRO nanoparticles and single-crystal LRO nanosheets[45] 25
Fig. 17 Types of metal-organic frameworks 26
Fig. 18 Schematic of metal Ion and organic ligand coordination 27
Fig. 19 The structures of MOF-808X feature green and pink spheres, which represent the tetrahedral and adamantane-shaped cages in the framework, respectively. The dark gray balls within the framework denote the coordinated anions. In MOF-808A, the hexagonal windows have a diameter of approximately 10 Å 28
Fig. 20 Procedure for fabricating cathode materials by using metal-organic frameworks 28
Fig. 21 The synthetic reaction mechanism diagram of the PTA precursor 29
Fig. 22 The cyclic performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 under different ratios of NaOH and PTA. 30
Fig. 23 The cyclic performance of Fe doping ratio 31
Fig. 24 The discharge curves of LRO with different Fe doping levels 32
Fig. 25 The figure of experimental framework 34
Fig. 26 The figure of experimental procedure 39
Fig. 27 Schematic diagram of metal-organic framework 47
Fig. 28 XRD pattern of precursor materials of Li1.2Mn0.54-xNi0.12Co0.12FexO2 with different Fe doping 48
Fig. 29 FTIR spectra of PTA and PTA-Mn-Ni-Co precursor materials 50
Fig. 30 FTIR spectra of PTA-Mn-Ni-Co and PTA-Mn-Ni-Co-Fe (x=0.03) 50
Fig. 31 SEM analysis of (a-b) LRO (x=0), (c-d) LRFO (x=0.01), (e-f) LRFO (x=0.03), (g-h) LRFO (x=0.05) 53
Fig. 32 EDS analysis of LRO (x=0) 54
Fig. 33 EDS analysis of LRFO (x=0.03) 55
Fig. 34 SEM analysis of LRO (x=0) and LRFO(x=0.03) for different cycle (a) LRO (x=0) (b) LRO (x=0) for 100th cycles (c) LRFO (x=0.03) (d) LRFO (x=0.03) for 100th cycles 57
Fig. 35 XRD pattern of LRO and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) with different Fe doping 59
Fig. 36 XRD pattern of LRO and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) with different Fe doping in the range of 20° to 25° 60
Fig. 37 XRD pattern of LRO and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) with different Fe doping in the range of 35° to 80° 60
Fig. 38 XPS spectrum analysis of LRO (x=0): (a) Survey spectrum, (b) Ni 2p, (c) Mn 2p, (d) Co 2p, (e) O 1s 65
Fig. 39 XPS spectrum analysis of LRFO (x=0.03): (a) survey spectrum, (b) Ni 2p, (c) Mn 2p, (d) Co 2p, (e) O 1s (f) Fe 2p 66
Fig. 40 HR-TEM image of LRO (x=0) 69
Fig. 41 Initial charge-discharge curves at 0.1 C for LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.03) 71
Fig. 42 The cycling performance of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) with different Fe doping under 1 C rate in the voltage range of 2.0 V to 4.8 V for 200 cycles 72
Fig. 43 The rate performances of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) with different Fe doping in the voltage range of 2.0~4.8 V. 75
Fig. 44 The capacity retention ratio of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) under various current rate 76
Fig. 45 The cycling performance of LRFO (x=0.03) in the voltage range of 2.0~4.8V for 50 cycles at 0.2 C rate 77
Fig. 46 The cycling performance of LRFO (x=0.03) in the voltage range of 2.0~4.8V for 500 cycles at 1 C rate 77
Fig. 47 Cyclic voltammetry profiles of (a) LRO (x=0) (b) LRFO (x=0.01) (c)LRFO (x=0.03) (d) LRFO (x=0.05) in the 2.0~4.8 V voltage range for the 2nd and 3rd cycle 81
Fig. 48 Presents the equivalent circuit 82
Fig. 49 Nyquist plots of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) with different Fe doping 84
Fig. 50 Nyquist plots of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) with different Fe doping after 100 cycles 84
Fig. 51 Voltage decay of (a) LRO (x=0) (b) LRFO (x=0.01) (c) LRFO (x=0.03) (d) LRFO (x=0.05) with different cycles 88
Fig. 52 Schematic diagram of LRO surface transformation into LiMn2O4 spinel upon charge 91
Fig. 53 XRD pattern of LRO under different cycles 91
Fig. 54 XRD pattern of LRO under different cycles for the range of 15° to 30° 91
Fig. 55 XRD pattern of LRO under different cycles for the range of 50° to 80° 92
Fig. 56 HR-TEM image of LRO after 5 cycles at 1 C rate 94
Fig. 57 FFT analysis of LRO after 5 cycles at 1 C rate 94
Fig. 58 The d-spacing of LRO after 5 cycles at 1 C rate shows in HR-TEM image 95
Fig. 59 Schematic diagram of the relationship between capacity and phase transformation after 5 cycles 95
Fig. 60 HR-TEM image of LRO after 55 cycles at 1 C rate 98
Fig. 61 FFT analysis of the red box region after 55 cycles at 1 C rate 98
Fig. 62 The d-spacing of red box region after 55 cycles at 1 C rate shows in HR-TEM image 99
Fig. 63 FFT analysis of the blue box region after 55 cycles at 1 C rate 99
Fig. 64 The d-spacing of blue box region after 55 cycles at 1 C rate shows in HR-TEM image 100
Fig. 65 Schematic diagram of the relationship between capacity and phase transformation after 55 cycles 100

Table Content
Table. 1 Chemical reagent, specification and suppliers 35
Table. 2 Material name, specification, and supplier 36
Table. 3 Experimental instruments and suppliers 37
Table. 4 Instrument and supplier and model 40
Table.5 Crystal structure parameters of LRO and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) with different Fe doping 61
Table. 6 The crystal size of LRO prepared by conventional co-precipitation method[61] 61
Table.7 The chemical bonds and corresponding binding energies of the fitted peaks for Mn 2p, Ni 2p, Co 2p, Fe 2p, and O 1s in LRO (x=0) 67
Table. 8 The XPS Mn 2p valence state composition of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.03) 67
Table. 9 The XPS Co 2p valence state composition of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.03) 67
Table. 10 Comparison of initial coulombic efficiencies for LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.03) 72
Table. 11 Cycle capacity and average coulombic of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) 73
Table. 12 Comparison of electrochemical performance between LRO reported in previous literatures 79
Table. 13 The EIS fitting parameters of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.0, x=0.03, x=0.05) before and after 100 cycles 86
Table.14 The Li+ diffusion coefficients of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) 86
Table.15 The Li+ diffusion coefficients of LRO prepared by conventional co-precipitation method[70] 86
Table.16 The median voltage and voltage retention rate after 100 cycles of LRO (x=0) and LRFO (x=0.01, x=0.03, x=0.05) 88
Table. 17 The lattice constant under different cycles of 92

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指導教授

劉奕宏(Yi-Hung Liu)

審核日期

2024-7-23

推文