| 摘要: | 保羅˙梵樂希是二十世紀前半時期法國最受矚目的詩人與思想家，其代表詩作《海濱墓園》是一首144行的抒情詩和哲理詩。詩人以第一人稱表達自己的情感，探討與思索生死的問題。在這首獨白中，詩人闡述了對大自然的詠歎，對自我心靈的探求，對死者的追憶以及對死亡的恐懼，在詩末，詩人駁斥了希臘哲學家芝諾的悖論，決定採取行動，投入生命的律動中。 本論文第一章介紹保羅˙梵樂希文學生涯的三個重要階段以及他的詩學理念。尊崇古典詩律，同時又師承馬拉梅象徵派的梵樂希，於詩作中融合古典與現代的詩風，講究詩歌的音樂性及形式的美感，致力追求「純粹的詩歌」(la poésie pure) 。 第二章則分析與闡釋《海濱墓園》一詩的結構、意象與主題。在結構方面，我們首先提出三位評論家的看法(Gustave Cohen, Paul Pieltain, James Lawler)：這三位評論家依照本詩主題或語氣的轉變，將全詩結構分為三或四大部份，我們就這三種觀點作分析，綜合三家之說，提出個人的分析與詮釋。在意象方面，我們分類與列舉呈現太陽、大海和死亡三大主題的各種意象。由本詩意象之豐富，更可一窺梵樂希的詩作特色。在主題方面，我們闡述了本詩之何以被歸類為抒情詩與哲理詩之原因，並分析其主旨以及詩中各種對比的主題。 在第三章裡，我們分析的是梵樂希在《海濱墓園》詩中的遣詞用字、修辭手法和句法方面的問題。透過有條理的分類與分析，以深入了解梵樂希洗練的文字風格。 在本論文的第四章，也是最後一章，我們對《海濱墓園》的音韻以及作詩法（la prosodie）如格律、押韻、音律、節奏、和諧等作深入的分析。以《海濱墓園》為實例作音韻分析，更印證了梵樂希對音律的重視，以及詩人在「音」與「義」兩者之間的協調。 Paul Valéry is one of the most important French poets and thinkers of the first half of the twentieth century. His well-known poem « Le Cimetière Marin » which contains 144 lines in 24 stanzas, is considered to be a lyric and philosophic poem. Through the first person point of view, the poet expresses his own sensations and contemplates on life and death. In this monologue, the poet chants his admiration for nature, exposes his contemplations, nostalgically remembers his ancestors and reveals his fear of death. At the end of the poem, the poet refutes the paradoxes of the Greek philosopher Zénon, and determines to take action and to jump into the fluctuation of life. In the first chapter of this thesis, the three important periods of Paul Valéry’s literary career and his concepts about the prosody are introduced. Considered as the successor of Mallarmé - the great master of the French symbolism - Valéry follows the classic prosody as well. With both the classic and modern styles, the poet attaches great importance to the musical aspect and the beauty of the form of a poem. His ideal is to attain the « poésie pure ». In the second chapter, the structure, the images, and the theme of the poem are analyzed. In the aspect of structure, the opinions of the three critics - Gustave Cohen, Paul Pieltain, James Lawler - are discussed in the first part. According to the development of themes and the change of tones, the critics divide the poem into three or four parts. This study not only compares their points of view, but also presents the thesis author’s idea about the structure and the interpretation of the poem. In the second part of this chapter, we gave out a list that classified the three principal images of the poem - the sun, the ocean and the death. The richness and the variety of the images are one of the characteristics in Paul Valéry’s poetry. The last part of this chapter deals with the theme. The reason why the poem « Le Cimetière Marin » is a lyric and philosophic poem, as well as the main theme and the contrast of the secondary themes are explained. In the third chapter, the context, expression, rhetoric, and syntax are explored and examined. Through the systematic classification and analysis of this study, the refined and polished writing style of Valéry is grasped. In the last chapter, the sounds and the prosody of the poem including rhymes, meters, rhythm, alliterations, assonances, concordance and discordance are analyzed. By citing lot of examples of the poem from the musical aspect proves how much Paul Valéry attaching the importance to the sound of a poem, and how much he works on the harmony between the “sound” and the “meaning”. |
