| 摘要: | 胡適(1891-1962)為民國時期著名的知識分子，奉行自由主義。以往對於民初人物的政治觀點研究，較重於實際參與的政治人物，本文試圖從知識份子的角度來探討。由於胡適對近代中國影響頗大，故筆者選擇胡適。胡適，原名嗣穈，學名洪騂，字希疆，後改名胡適，字適之，筆名天風、藏暉等，安徽績溪上庄村人。胡適在1910年至1917赴美留學，之後提倡文學革命成為新文化運動領袖之一，他曾在八年抗戰期間擔任駐美大使(1938-1942)；抗戰結束後，回中國任國立北京大學校長(1946-1949)、晚年在臺灣任中央研究院長(1958-1962)。胡適的政治理念，開始從和平主義到留美時接受新和平主義；回中國後，他提出了「好政府主義」，主張「好人政府」；晚年建立了系統的自由主義概念，容忍與自由。
本文探究胡適民初的政治觀點，最初為袁世凱時期，首先圍繞他對袁世凱(1859-1916)、革命黨人看法的轉變，因「二次革命」後袁世凱持續禁止言論出版與結社自由，他轉而同情革命黨人；胡適在此時期亦批評袁世凱的作為與推行帝制。「皖系」執政政府，胡適主要批評傾「皖系」的「安福系」操控選舉，進行政治分贓。「直系」執政時期胡適對於「直系」持續批評；對內閣、國會，則因擺脫不了 「直系」背後操縱，他從期望到失望。「臨時執政」執政時期，政治立場產生變化，以和平統一立場參加了段祺瑞舉行的「善後會議」，轉而支持「北洋軍閥」；但他因「善後會議」制止不了「軍閥」爭鬥而退出，對「北洋軍閥」徹底失望。之後，他甚至不得已改變一貫反武力革命的立場，支持廣州國民政府「北伐」。本文藉由上述對胡適政治觀點的探討，嘗試觀察民初自由主義者對於政治的思路歷程。
;Hu Shin(1891-1962) was the Republic of China’s best-knownintellectual, liberal.Previous study for the characters’political opinions, is more focus on actual participation of political figures, this article look more into the intellectual perspective. Due to Hu Shin’s influence on modern China, so the writer chooses Hu Shin. Hu Shin’s original name was simen and originally wrote under Hu Hung-hsing,Later, he renamed himself Hu shin, courtesy name Shin Chih, Tian Feng , Zang Huei as his pseudonym.He was originally from Anhui Jixi Shanhuai village. During 1910-1917 he studied in the United States. After finished the school, he advocated revolution as one of the movement leaders , he had served as Ambassador to the United States during the war of resistance against japan(1938-1942); After the way ended, He came back China to be the President of Peking University(1946-1949). In his old age, He was the president of Taiwan Academia Sinica(1958-1962). Hu’s political philosophy was from Pacifism to New Pacifism he learned in America. After returning to China, he proposed“Good government”, suggesting that“Good government”, establishing the concept of liberalism, tolerance and freedom in his later years.
This article explores the political view of Hu Shi.Starts with the initial period of Yuan Shi-kai(1859-1916), Inspects the transformation of his ideas on Yuan Shikai and Revolitionary Party. After the “Second Revolution”, Yuan Shikai continued prohibition of publication and freedom of speech, he turned to sympathy for the Revolutionary party；Hu also criticized the Yuan Shikai and the implementation during the period of Yuan monarchy.By the time “Wan party” Government in power, his main criticism pour to the election manipulation of“Wan party” and “Anfu party” and conducted the political spoils.During the “Zhi party” rign, Hu Shi’s criticism on Zhi party was never stop; on the cabinet, the parliament, could not escape the “Zhi party” manipulation, this made, Hu Shi’s expectations turned into disappointment. “Provisional administration” ruling period, political changes in the postion, Hu Shi changed his mind and turned to help “northern warlord” after Hu Shi attended Duan Qi-Rui’s “reconstruction conference” with the peaceful unified perspective；But because of “the reconstruction confernce”, Hui Shi cannot stop“northern warlord” from dropping out of the battle. Hui Shi was complinety the disappointed in the “northern warlord”.Later he even had to change his stand of anti-armed forces revoiutionart, turing to support Guangzhou national Government “Northern Expedition”This article will discuss through the research on Hu Shi’political views, try to observe the history and the beginning of liberal political ideas. |
