| 摘要: | 華人新村是馬來西亞當地獨特的聚落景觀，原本為英殖民政府在1950年代防堵馬來亞共產黨時設立的暫時性住所，如今已成為許多人安身立命的地方，研究場域――錫米山新村（Sungai Chua）即是由此脈絡誕生。本研究認為，如今新村居民一方面面臨政府政策和優勢語言（如華語、馬來語、英語）的壓力，另一方面方言（客家話）仍盛行於新村，皆對個人的語言選擇產生影響。然而縱覽臺灣海外客家研究，對於馬來西亞客家華人新村的研究著墨較少；同時回顧馬來西亞新村研究，則較少聚焦於新村居民之語言行為調查，本研究因此成形。
研究提問分為三個面向：首先，錫米山新村作為以客家人為多數群體的客家華人新村，現今新村居民們語言使用現況為何？再者，哪些因素會影響新村居民在不同領域下的語言選擇？最後，新村居民語言選擇的背後帶有何種社會意涵？研究嘗試探究新村居民們在家庭、朋友、教育、宗教、工作等五個領域裡的語言選擇，並且提供馬來西亞客家華人新村研究的個案分析。研究方法上運用參與觀察、深度訪談以及問卷調查，完成7份口述歷史訪談、36份新村居民訪談，並且從錫米山學校回收到154份的有效問卷。
研究發現，家庭領域中，語言選擇在不同世代之間存在顯著差異，語言更替基本上已完成；教育領域受政府獨尊馬來語的政策和華人社會中「講華語運動」影響，顯示學生已失去講方言的能力；宗教領域中，隨著不同地區和方言群成員增加，教會公領域裡多使用華語和英語，但私領域溝通上仍可以聽見多種語言。工作領域上，則展現多語能力和靈活語言選擇策略。總體而言，研究揭示了語言選擇的多重變遷及其背後的社會因素。
;Chinese new villages are a unique settlement landscape in Malaysia, originally established by the British colonial government in the 1950s as temporary shelters to counter the Malaya Communist Party. Today, these villages have become permanent homes for many residents. This study focuses on Sungai Chua, a new village that emerged from this historical context. The study posits that, while residents of new villages face pressures from government policies and dominant languages (such as Mandarin, Malay, and English), the Hakka dialect remains prevalent in these communities, influencing individual language choices. Despite a wealth of research on Hakka communities in Taiwan, there is limited study on the Hakka Chinese new villages in Malaysia. Additionally, research on language behavior in Malaysian new villages is sparse, thus prompting this investigation.
The study addresses three main questions: Firstly, what is the current state of language use among residents of Sungai Chua, a new village predominantly inhabited by Hakka people? Secondly, what factors influence language choice among residents in various domains? And, what social implications are associated with the language choices of new village residents? This research examines language use in the domains of family, friends, education, religion, and work, and provides a case study analysis of Hakka Chinese new villages in Malaysia. Methodologically, the study employs participant observation, in-depth interviews, and surveys, completing 7 oral history interviews, 36 resident interviews, and collecting 154 valid surveys from Sungai Chua School.
Findings indicate that in the family domain, there is a significant generational difference in language choice, with language replacement largely complete. In the education domain, government policies favoring Malay and the “Speak Mandarin Campaign” in the Chinese community have led to a loss of dialect proficiency among students. In the religious domain, the increase in members from different regions and dialect groups has led to the use of Mandarin and English in public church settings, while multiple languages are still heard in private communication. In the workplace, multilingual abilities and flexible language choice strategies are evident. Overall, the study reveals the multifaceted changes in language choice and the underlying social factors. |
