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姓名 許郁卿(Yu-ching Hsu) 查詢紙本館藏 畢業系所 大氣物理研究所 論文名稱 土地利用型態對地表能量收支與海陸風模擬的影響
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摘要(中) WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 模式所使用的地表資料為USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) 土地利用型態,此資料是由西元1992年至1993年之間AVHRR遙測資料所得,近幾十年來台灣的都市發展快速,土地利用型態已經和20年前大不相同,因此USGS資料是否能反映出真實台灣土地利用情形是值得討論的議題。WRF更新到3.1版後,地表資料選項多了MODIS土地利用型態,該資料是從2001年MODIS酬載設備遙測反演所得,這兩種資料都無法正確的描述台灣土地利用的現況。為了解決這個問題,本研究利用2007年SPOT衛星影像,重新建構一組新的台灣土地利用型態分類資料,並以NCU資料稱之。由於不同的土地利用型態會影響地表和大氣間能量交換,進而影響氣象模式模擬結果。本研究將利用上述三種土地利用資料進行模擬分析與比較,並討論土地利用資料的改變對地表能量收支與局部環流模擬產生的影響。
在綜觀影響較不顯著的天氣形態下,不同地表資料對氣象場模擬影響顯著。由於MODIS分類為都市的區域最廣,造成模擬溫度較高,有較多的能量是以可感熱通量呈現。在海溫變化不大的情況下,白天MODIS模擬的海陸溫差最大。夜間輻射冷卻,使地表溫度低於海洋溫度,MODIS模擬的地表溫度是三者最高,因此夜晚海陸溫差最小。USGS土地利用型態以灌溉地為主,模擬結果和MODIS相反, NCU則是介於兩者之間。灌溉地設定的粗糙長度短,使用USGS資料的風速模擬結果較強。MODIS和NCU都會區和森林分佈較多,粗糙長度設定較長,風速模擬較小。但在沿岸因為MODIS、NCU兩組模擬的白天海陸溫差大,因此模擬的海風風速較強。比對模擬結果,可發現都市地區,三者的溫度、風速模擬結果差異明顯,在非都市區的溫度和風速差別較小,可見模式中正確的都市分布以及範圍對於模式的重要性。分類的差異也讓能量收支略有不同,都市區因植被阻抗較高、葉面積指數小,不利於蒸發散,因此潛熱通量較小,能量主要以可感熱通量呈現。MODIS在台灣西半部的都市分布較廣,潛熱通量小,可感熱通量大;USGS以灌溉地分佈為主,都市範圍最少,因此潛熱通量大,可感熱通量小;NCU介於兩者之間。整體而言,使用USGS土地利用型態的Bowen Ratio是三者當中最小的,顯示土讓的狀況較為潮濕。使用MODIS土地利用利用型態的Bowen Ratio是三者當中最大的,土壤的溼度較為乾燥。
利用中央氣象局測站的觀測資料來進行模擬結果之驗證分析,顯示使用MODIS資料模擬的溫度過高,使用NCU和USGS的模擬結果較接近觀測值。三種模擬風速都有高估的情況,其中使用USGS資料高估最嚴重,使用NCU、MODIS資料的模擬結果和觀測最相近。綜合而言,使用NCU數據的模擬能改善MODIS高估溫度的缺點,以及USGS高估風速的問題,但這只是單一個案討論,未來必須進行更多個案統計比較,才能夠更進一步了解這三種台灣土地利用型態資料的特性以及對模擬結果的影響。
摘要(英) Land use (LU) type is one of the important land surface data to describe the exchange of heat and momentum between land surface and atmosphere in the model. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) land use data used in Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is roughly at 1-km resolution, this data set is outdated with the reference year of 1990s. The WRF version newer than 3.1, provides another LU datasets which is derived from 2001 MODIS satellites products and at 1-km resolution. However, none of these LU datasets correctly characterizes the land use and land cover classifications in Taiwan Island. Regarding this problem, a new land use data is derived using the 2007 SPOT satellite images (this data is named NCU). There are significant differences among these three datasets.
When synoptic flow was weak, the simulation results using different land use data showed big effect. Due to relative widely distribution of the type of urban in MODIS, the simulation result is unable to describe the real land use condition correctly. The WRF-MODIS simulation over-predicted maximum temperatures and induced stronger sea breeze flow. On the contrary, the main distribution of USGS land use data is irrigation in Taiwan area. The WRF-USGS simulation results to under-predicted minimum temperature and induced weaker sea breeze flow in the coast. The WRF-NCU simulation result is relatively near observed temperature. The primary land type in USGS is irrigation in Taiwan and the roughness length is set too small, so the WRF-USGS simulation over-predicted wind speed. The WRF-NCU and WRF-MODIS simulations are relatively near observed wind speed. Comparisons with various meteorological measurements show that the NCU land use description improve the simulation of meteorological field apparently.
關鍵字(中) ★ 土地利用型態
★ 海陸風
★ 能量收支關鍵字(英) ★ land use data
★ sea breeze flow
★ energy budget論文目次 摘要⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯i
Abstract⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯iii
致謝⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯iv
目錄⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ v
表目錄⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ vii
圖目錄⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ viii
一、緒論⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯01
1-1前言⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯01
1-2文獻回顧⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯02
1-3研究目的⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯05
二、個案天氣概況分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯06
2-1個案選取⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯06
2-2綜觀天氣分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯06
三、模式介紹與資料處理⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯08
3-1模式介紹⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯08
3-2模式設定⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯09
3-3土地利用型態⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11
3-3.1資料處理⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯11
3-3.2土地利用資料異同⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯12
四、模擬結果分析⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14
4-1模擬結果比較⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14
4-1.1氣象分布圖差異⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯14
4-1.2氣象場時序圖⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯16
4-1.3地表能量收支⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯18
4-2都會區的海陸風環流⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯20
4-2.1台北都會區⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯20
4-2.2台中都會區⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯23
4-3觀測與模式結果比對⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯25
4-3.1土地利用分類的驗證⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯25
4-3.2統計數據比對⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯28
五、結論與未來展望⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯30
5-1結論⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯30
5-2未來展望⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯32
參考文獻⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯33
附表⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯35
附圖⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯42
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指導教授 鄭芳怡、林沛練
(Fang-yi Cheng、Pay-liam Lin)審核日期 2011-7-21 推文 facebook plurk twitter funp google live udn HD myshare reddit netvibes friend youpush delicious baidu 網路書籤 Google bookmarks del.icio.us hemidemi myshare