結合城市永續發展與氣候變遷指標對發展中國家的應用：以貝里斯的貝里斯市為例

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：146

、訪客IP：18.222.120.133

姓名

羅凱夏(Keisha Diane Rodriguez) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

國際永續發展碩士在職專班

論文名稱

結合城市永續發展與氣候變遷指標對發展中國家的應用：以貝里斯的貝里斯市為例
(Integrating Indicators of Sustainable Urban Development with Climate Change for application in a developing Country: A Case Study of Belize City, Belize)

相關論文

★ 石化建廠統包管線焊口(P&ID)量估算風險因子之研究	★ 中小型營造工程適用勞工安全衛生法規之現況檢討與對策之研究
★ 捷運統包工程供電系統完工測試之經驗學習	★ 統包工程建造進度及分包商請款整合模型之研究
★ 專案管理觀點下營造業組織建構之研究	★ 統包工程管理模式之研究-以整合FIDIC銀版與PMBOK為核心
★ 公共工程技術服務合約因工期展延所衍生費用問題之探討—以污水下水道工程為例	★ 機場設施維護管理及改善策略之研究- 以桃園國際機場為例
★ BOT專案移轉階段風險管理研究 -以台北車站特定專用區交通九號用地BOT開發案為例	★ 以取得使用執照為導向時程規劃策略之研究-以高科技廠房專案為例
★ 臺灣建築師事務所管理模式與員工滿意度對組織承諾影響之研究	★ 利用平衡計分卡及模糊層級分析法探討材料供應商評選因素之研究-以結構補強統包工程為例
★ 公共工程統包模式執行專案成員間問題之研究	★ 小口徑免開挖施工法決策支援系統之研究
★ 由財務指標態樣探討上市營建公司經營危機之研究	★ 營造業分包管理策略中班底效應之研究

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

21世紀的發展中國家面對三個極大相關領域的挑戰：永續發展(Sustainable Development, SD), 城市永續發展(Sustainable Urban Development, SUD) 和氣候變遷(Climate Change, CC)。因此，本論文將現在的角度來探討，預先提出發展中的國家，對永續發展概念（SD）和永續城市發展（SUD）之間的關係與氣候變遷，建構一個概念框架確定核心的標題指標，可以適當地突出主要城市關於永續發展和氣候變遷的脆弱性問題。
在A組的12高度的綜合指標，選擇使用知識的一個小組有 20位貝里斯和國際專家參與層次分析法（AHP）之意見蒐集與分析。然後應用這些指標是在貝里斯，且以面積最大的貝里斯城為例。結果發現，有一個明顯缺乏的問題，即該國特別是列入市區參照貝里斯城永續發展的論述。貝里斯市像其他許多發展中國家面臨的問題，城市貧困和惡劣的住房條件和顯著暴露在風暴，颶風和洪水的影響。確保在城市發展是一個永續發展的框架內進行，有計劃的方式既可以解決現有的城市永續發展問題以及大大減少脆弱性，增加適應和緩解氣候變遷的能力。然而，改善治理，特別是在地方之層級，特別強調了提高公民參與決策可以發揮關鍵作用，制訂和進步的眼光，對一個集體的永續性的城市，是迫切需要的。

摘要(英)

Sustainable Development (SD), Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) and Climate Change (CC) are three synergistic areas that present tremendous challenges for developing countries in the 21st century. Consequently, this thesis presents current perspectives, within the premise of developing countries, on the concepts of Sustainable Development (SD) and Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) and their inter-relationship with Climate Change in an effort to establish a conceptual framework for identifying a core group of headline indicators that can suitably highlight major urban sustainability and climate change vulnerability issues.
A group of twelve (12) highly integrative indicators were chosen using the knowledge of a small group of twenty (20) Belizean and International experts and an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The indicators were then applied in case study of Belize City, the largest urban area in Belize. Results indicate that there is a marked absence of the inclusion of urban issues especially with reference to Belize City in sustainability discourse in the country. Belize City like the cities of many other developing countries faces issues of urban poverty and poor housing conditions and is significantly exposed to storm, hurricane and flood impact. Ensuring that development within the city is undertaken within a sustainability framework and in a planned manner could both address existing urban SD issues as well as considerably reduce vulnerability and increase adaptive and mitigative capacity for climate change. However, improvements to governance especially at the local level with particular emphasis on the increasing citizen participation in decision-making could play a key role in formulating and progressing towards a collective vision of sustainability for the city.

關鍵字(中)

★ 氣候變遷
★ 貝里斯
★ 永續城市發展
★ 永續發展

關鍵字(英)

★ Climate Change
★ Sustainable Urban Development
★ Sustainable Development

論文目次

中文摘要 (CHINESE ABSTRACT) i
ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES x
EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Three Major Challenges for Developing Countries in the 21st Century: 1
1.1.1 Sustainable Development 1
1.1.2 Urbanization 2
1.1.3 Climate Change Issue in Urban Regions 2
1.2 Belize –The Challenges of a Small, Developing Country 3
1.2.1 Sustainable Development in Belize 3
1.2.2 Urbanization in Belize 4
1.2.3 Climate Change Issues in Urban Belize 5
1.3 Thesis: Integrating Indicators of Sustainable Urban Development with Climate Change for application in a Developing Country 6
1.3.1 Thesis General Objective 6
1.3.2 Thesis Specific Objectives 7
1.3.3 Thesis Methodology 7
1.3.4 Thesis Limitations 8
1.3.5 Thesis Structure 10
CHAPTER 2: THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK – INTEGRATION OF SD, SUD AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 12
2.1 Introduction to Conceptual Frameworks for Indicators 12
2.2 The Concept of Sustainability and Sustainable Development (SD) 13
2.2.1 Sustainability and Sustainable Development 13
2.2.2 Sustainable Development: Early Beginnings in the International Arena 13
2.2.3 Sustainable Development: Theories and Concepts 15
2.3 The Concept of Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) 21
2.3.1 SUD: Early Beginnings in the International Arena 21
2.3.2 SUD: Theories and Concepts 23
2.3.3 SUD in the Developing Country Context 26
2.4 The Conceptual Linking of SD, SUD and CC in Developing Countries 28
2.4.1 Climate Change and Sustainable Development: An Introduction 28
2.4.2 The Climate Change-Sustainable Development Divide 30
2.4.3 Re-integrating Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Concepts and Theories 32
2.4.4 The Mitigation-Adaptation Conceptual Divide 33
2.4.5 Mainstreaming Adaptation and Adaptive Capacity Concepts 34
2.4.6 Mainstreaming Mitigation and Mitigative Capacity Concepts 36
2.4.7. Exploring Mitigation-Adaptation Synergies for Mainstreaming Application 38
2.4.8. Linking CC and SUD in Developing Countries 40
2.5 The Conceptual Framework – Integration of SD, SUD and Climate Change in Developing Countries: A Summary 43
CHAPTER 3: THE BELIZE CONTEXT – A REGIONAL AND NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE 46
3.1 Belize – A Country Profile 46
3.1.1 Geography and History 46
3.1.2 Demographic Structure 47
3.1.3 Socio-Economic Structure 48
3.1.4 Political Structure 48
3.1.5 Environment of Belize 49
3.2 Sustainable Development, Urbanization and Climate Change – A Regional Perspective 50
3.2.1 SD in Latin America and the Caribbean 50
3.2.2 Urbanization in Latin America and the Caribbean 51
3.2.3 Climate Change Issues in Urban Centres of the LAC Region 53
3.3 Sustainable Development, Urbanization and Climate change – The Belize Context 55
3.3.1 Sustainable Development – The Belize Context 55
3.3.2 Urbanization and SUD – The Belize Context 58
3.3.3 Climate Change – The Belize Context 60
3.4 Summary of the Belize Context 62
CHAPTER 4: INTEGRATING INDICATORS OF SD/SUD AND CLIMATE CHANGE 64
4.1 Indicators and Indicator Set for SD, SUD and CC 64
4.1.1 Indicators of Sustainability and Sustainable Development 66
4.1.2. Indicators of Sustainable Urban Development (SUD) 67
4.1.3 Indicators of Climate Change (CC) 68
4.2 Description of Methodology Development 70
4.3 Application of the Adaptive Learning Process for Indicator Development 73
4.3.1 Establishing Human and Environmental Context 73
4.3.2 Setting Goals and Strategies 75
4.3.3 Identifying, evaluating and selecting indicators 75
4.3.4. Indicator application by communities (Researcher) 83
4.4 Summary: Integrating Indicators of SD/SUD with Climate Change 83
CHAPTER 5: BELIZE CITY, BELIZE - STATUS OF SUD AND CC VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTIVE CAPACITY 85
5.1 Brief History of Development in Belize City 86
5.2 Application of the SD/SUD and Climate Change Headline Indicators and Implications for Belize City 88
5.2.1 Demographic Changes 88
5.2.2 Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation 94
5.2.3 Housing/Shelter 98
5.2.4 Governance 102
5.2.5 Natural Hazards 105
5.2.6 Environmental Protection and Pollution 112
5.3 Summary - Application of the SD/SUD and Climate Change Headline Indicators and Implications for Belize City 123
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS 126
6.1 Summary of Research Findings 126
6.2 Suggestions for Further Research 131
Bibliography 132
APPENDIX A 141
APPENDIX B 142
APPENDIX C 143
APPENDIX D 148
APPENDIX E 174

參考文獻

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adams, W. (2006). The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first Century. IUCN.
Adger, N. W., Brooks, N., Bentham, G., Agnew, M., & Eriksen, S. (2004). New Indicators of Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity. Norwich: Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research.
Alberti, M. (1996). Measuring Urban Sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment Review , 381-424.
Alberti, M., & Susskind, L. (1996). Managing Urban Sustainability: An Introduction to the special issue. Environmental Impact Assessment Review , 16, 213-221.
Ayers, J. M., & Huq, S. (2009). The Value of Linking Mitigation and Adaptation: A Case Study of Bangladesh. Environmental Management , 753-764.
B.W.S. . (2009). Belize Water Services Wastewater Treatment . Retrieved June 25, 2010, from Belize Water Services Website: http://www.bws.bz/waste-water/
Beg, N., Morlot, J. C., Davidson, O., Afrane-Okesse, Y., Tyani, L., Denton, F., et al. (2002). Linkages between climate change and sustainable development. Climate Policy , 129-144.
Belize Audubon Society. (2008). An Environmental Agenda for Belize 2008-2013. Belize City: Belize Audubon Society.
Belize Meteorological Service. (2010). The Climate of Belize. Retrieved 2010, from Belize Meteorological Service Website: http://www.hydromet.gov.bz/Climate_Summary.htm
BERDS. (2009). Protected Areas. Retrieved June 27, 2010, from Biodiversity and Environmental Data Resource System of Belize: http://www.biodiversity.bz/find/protected_area/
Bernasconi, M., Choirat, C., & Seri, R. (2010). The Analytical Hierarchy Process and the theory of Management. Management Science , 699-711.
Bithas, K. P., & Christofakis, M. (2006). Environmentally Sustainable Cities: Critical Review and Operational Conditions. Sustainable Development , 14, 177-189.
Bossel, H. (1999). Indicators for Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Application - A Report to the Balaton Group. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development.
Brooks, N. (2003). Vulnerability, risk and adaptation: A conceptual framework. Norwich: Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research.
Camagni, R., Capello, R., & Nijkamp, P. (1998). Towards sustainable city policy: an economy-environment technology nexus. Ecological Economics , 24, 103-118.
Cardona, M., & Cardona, K. (2009). Revised Master Development Plan for Ambergris Caye. Ambergris Caye: Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute.
CCCCC. (2009). Climate Change and the Caribbean: A Regional Framework for achieving development resilient to climate change (2009-2015). Belmopan: Caribbean Community Climate Change Center.
Central Bank of Belize. (2010). Annual Report - 2009. Belize City: Central Bank of Belize.
Central Intelligence Agency. (2010). The World Factbook: Central America and the Caribbean - Belize. Retrieved from CIA World Fact Book: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/BH.html
Cherrington, E. (2007). A satellite-based assessment of urban expansion in Belize: the case of Belize City 1980-2007. SERVIR.
CIESIN. (2007). Population Density within and outside of a 10m Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ), Belize 2000. New York: Columbia Univesity .
Cohen, S., Demeritt, D., Robinson, J., & Rothman, D. (1998). Climate change and sustainable development: towards dialogue. Global Environmental Change , 341-371.
Cooper, E., Burke, L., & Bood, N. (2009). Coastal Capital: Belize The Economic Contribution of Belize's Coral Reefs and Mangroves. WRI Working Paper, .
CSD. (2007). Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies Third Edition. New York: United Nations.
Curwell, S., Deakin, M., & Symes, M. (Eds.). (2005). Sustainble Urban Development Volume 1: The Framework and Protocols for Environmental Assessment. London and New York: Taylor and Francis.
D.O.E. . (2005). Belize National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA): Action Plan for Environmental Capacity Development. Belmopan: IDEAS .
de Graaf, H., Musters, C., & ter Keurs, W. (1996). Sustainable development: looking for new strategies. Ecological Economics , 16, 205-216.
Dodman, D. (2009). Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories. Environment & Urbanization , 185–201.
Dodman, D., & Satterthwaite, D. (2008). Institutional Capacity, Climate Change Adaptation and the Urban Poor. IDS Bulletin .
Dunn, G. E., & others. (1962, March ). The Hurrican Season of 1961. Monthly Weather Review , pp. 107-119.
ECLAC in Latin America and the Caribbean. (2009). Economic impact of disasters: Evidence from DALA assessments. Mexico: Cepal.
Elections and Boundaries Department. (2010). Electors by Municipality, Polling Area and Sex as at May 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010, from Elections and Boundaries Website: http://www.elections.gov.bz/modules/wfdownloads/viewcat.php?cid=145
Everitt, J. C. (1986). The Growth and Development of Belize City. Journal of Latin American Studies , 75-111.
Fujiwara, A., Zhang, J., Lee, B., & Da Cruz, M. (2005). Evaluating Sustainability of Urban Development in Developing Countries Incorporating Dynamic Cause-effect relationships over time. Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies , 4349-4364.
G.O.B. (2002). Belize: First National Communication to the Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Belmopan: Government of Belize.
G.O.B. (2003). Belize City Council Act Subsidiary Laws Revised Edition. Belmopan: Government of Belize.
G.O.B. (2003). National Assessment Report for Barbados +10. Belmopan: Government of Belize.
Global Urban Observatory. (2001). Global Urban Indicators Database: Version 2. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN - Habitat).
Halsnaes, K., & Verhagen, J. (2007). Development based climate change adaptation and mitigation-conceptual issues and lessons learned in studies in developing countries. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change , 665-684.
Haughton, G., & Hunter, C. (1994). Sustainable Cities.
Heltberg, R., Siegel, P. B., & Jorgensen, S. L. (2009). Addressing human vulnerability to climate change: Toward a ‘no-regrets’ approach. Global Environmental Change , 89-99.
Holden, M., Roseland, M., Ferguson, K., & Perl, A. (2008). Seeking urban sustainability on the world stage. Habitat International , 305-317.
Huq, S., & Ayers, J. (2007). Critical list: the 100 nations most vulnerable to climate change. Sustainable Development Opinion .
Huq, S., & Reid, H. (2007). Community based adaptation: A vital approach to the threat climate change poses to the poor. An IIED Briefing .
Huq, S., Reid, H., & Murray, L. A. (2006). Climate Change and Development Links. The Gatekeeper Series .
IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Valencia: IPCC.
Jansen, L. (2003). The Challenge of Sustainable Development. Journal of Cleaner Production , 231-245.
Klein, R. J., Eriksen, S. E., Naess, L. O., Hammill, A., Tanner, T. M., Robledo, C., et al. (2007). Portfolio screening to support the mainstreaming of adaptation to climate change into development assistance. Climatic Change , 23-44.
Klein, R. J., Schipper, E. L., & Dessa, S. (2005). Integrating mitigation and adaptation into climate and development policy: three research questions. Environmental Science & Policy , 579-588.
Kokalj, Z., & Ostir, K. (2007). Land Cover Mapping using Landsat Satellite Image Classification in the Classical Karst-Kras Region. ACTA CARSOLOGICA , 433-440.
Laukkonen, J., Blanco, P. K., Lenhart, J., Keiner, M., Cavric, B., & Kinuthia-Njenga, C. (2009). Combining climate change adaptation and mitigation measures at the local level. Habitat International , 287-292.
Lee, Y.-J., Huang, & Ching-Ming. (2007). Sustainability index for Taipei. Environmental Impact Assessment Review , 505-521.
Lewis, G. (2008). Analyzing the potential of utilizing the Methane emissions from the Western Corridor Waste Landfill sites for electrical energy generation. Belmopan.
Lozano, R. (2008). Envisioning Sustainability three-dimensionally. Journal of Cleaner Production , 16, 1838-1846.
Markandya, A., & Halsnaes (Eds.). (2002). Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Prospects for Developing Countries. London: Earthscan.
Martine, G., McGranahan, G., Montgomery, & Fernandez-Castilla, R. (Eds.). (2008). The New Global Frontier: Urbanization, Poverty and Environment in the 21st Century. London: Earthscan.
May, J. G. (2007). Green House Gas Inventory of the Energy Sector in Belize. Belmopan: The Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment, Belize.
McGranahan, G., & Satterthwaite, D. (2003). Urban Centers: An Assessment of Sustainability. Annual Review of Environmental Resources , 28, 243–74.
Mebratu, D. (1998). Sustainability and Sustainable Development: Historical and Conceptual Review. Environmental Impact Assessment Review , 18, 493-520.
Meerman, J., & Sabido, W. (2001). Central American Ecosystems: Belize. Belize City: Programme for Belize.
Mog, J. M. (2004). Struggling with Sustainability—A Comparative Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Development Programs. World Development , 32 (12), pp. 2139–2160.
Munn, R. (1992). Towards Sustainable Development. Atmospheric Environment , 26A, No. 15, 2725-2731.
Murray, M., Zismana, S., Furleya, P., Munroa, D., Gibson, J., Ratter, J., et al. (2003). The Mangroves of Belize Part 1: distribution, composition and classification. Forest Ecology and Management , 265-279.
National Human Development Advisory Committee. (2004). Belize Poverty Assessment Report 2002. Belmopan: G.O.B.
National Policy Development Committee. (2004). Belize National Hazard Mitigation Policy . Belmopan: The National Emergency Management Organization.
Navalgund, R. R., V., J., & Roy, P. (2007). Remote Sensing Applications: An Overview. CURRENT SCIENCE , VOL. 93.
NEMO. (2003). Belize National Evacuation Plan . Belmopan: Government of Belize.
NEMO Belize. (2007, August 29). NEMO Flood Advisory 1. Retrieved June 2010, 25, from Belize National Emerrgency Management Organization (NEMO) : http://www.nemo.org.bz/cgi-bin/nemonews/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=319
Niemeijer, D. (2002). Developing indicators for environmental policy: data-driven and theory-driven approaches examined by example. Environmental Science & Policy , 91-103.
Nijkamp, P., & Opschoor, H. (1995). Urban Environmental Sustainability: Critical Issues and Policy Measures in a Third World Context. In Chatterjee (Ed.), Urban Policies in Third World Countries. New York: MacMillan.
Ott, K. (2003). The Case for Strong Sustainability. In K. Ott, & P. Thapa (Eds.), Greifswald’s Environmental Ethics. Greifswald: Steinbecker Verlag Ulrich Rose. .
P.A.C.T. (2006). Protected Areas Conservation Trust . Retrieved June 6, 2009, from Protected Areas Conservation Trust Website: http://www.pactbelize.org/
Paradigm Development Consulting. (2004). Belize: Millennium Development Goals Progress Report: 2004. Belmopan: Ministry of National Development and UNDP.
Pott, R. F. (2010). Evaluating Local Access to Sea Food in Urban Belize City. Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University.
Rana, M. M. (2009). Sustainable city in the global North and South: goal or principle? Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal , 20, 506-521.
Ravindranath, N. (2007). Mitigation and adaptation synergy in forest sector. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change , 843-853.
Reed, M. S., Fraser, E. D., & Dougill, A. J. (2006). An adaptive learning process for developing and applying sustainability indicators with local communities. Ecological Economics , 59, 406-418.
Reeder, P., & Shapiro, L. (2003). Lead Contamination of Soils in Belize City, Belize, Central America . Journal of Environmental Science and Health , 2785 - 2805 .
Roy, M. (2009). Planning for sustainable urbanisation in fast growing cities: Mitigation and adaptation issues addressed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Habitat International , 276-286.
Sabido, O. (2007). Greenhouse Gas Inventory for the Land Use, Land Use Change and the Forestry Sector . Belmopan : The Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment, Belize.
Sachs, J. D. (2008). Common wealth: economics for a crowded planet. New York: The Penguin Press.
Satterthwaite, D. (2009). The implications of population growth and urbanization for climate change. Environment and Urbanization , 545-567.
Satterthwaite, D., Huq, S., Pelling, M., Reid, H., & Romero Lankao, P. (2007). Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas: The possibilities and constraints in low and middle-income nations. Human Settlements Discussion Paper Series: Climate Change and Cities-1 .
Segnestam, L. (2002). Indicators of Environment and Sustainable Development: Theories and Practical Experience. Environmental Economics Series .
SIB. (2007). Know Your Stats 2007 . Belmopan: Statistical Institute of Belize.
Sneddon, C., Howarth, R. B., & Norgaard, R. B. (2006). Sustainable development in a post-Brundtland world. Ecological Economics , 57, 253-268.
Spangenberg, J. H. (2002). Environmental space and the prism of sustainability: frameworks for indicators measuring sustainable development. Ecological Economics , 2, 295-309.
Statistical Institute of Belize. (2010). Belize Mid-Year Population Estimates 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2010, from Statistical Institute of Belize Website : http://www.cso.gov.bz/dms20uc/dynamicdata/docs/20100112164405_2.pdf
Sustainable Seattle . (1998). Sustainable Seattle: Indicators of sustainable community. Seattle/King County: Sustainable Seattle.
U.N.D.P. (2006). U.N.D.P/Environment and Energy/Sustainable Energy. Retrieved June 6, 2009, from United Nations Development Programme Web site: http://www.undp.org/energy/
UN Habitat. (1996). The Habitat Agenda Goals and Principles, Commitments and the Global Plan of Action. Istanbul: UN Habitat.
UNCED. (1992). Core Publications: Agenda 21. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Division for Sustainable Development: http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/res_agenda21_01.shtml
UNCED. (1992). Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Retrieved April 15, 2010, from United Nations Development Programme: Environment for Development: http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=78&ArticleID=1163
UNEP. (2007). Global Enviroment Outlook. Valletta: United Nations Environment Programme.
UNFPA. (2009). State of world population 2009, Facing a changing world: women, population and climate. UNFPA.
UN-Habitat. (2007). Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements 2007. London and Sterling: Earthscan.
UN-Habitat. (2008). State of the World's Cities 2008/2009: Harmonious Cities . London and Sterling: Earthscan .
United Nations. (2005). 2005 World Summit Outcome. New York: United Nations.
United Nations General Assembly. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Retrieved June 6, 2009, from http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm
United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2004). Urban Indicators Guidelines: Monitoring the Habitat Agenda and the Millennium Development Goals. New York: UN-Habitat.
United Nations. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. New York: United Nations.
United Nations. (2002). Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development. Johannesburg: United Nations.
United Nations. (2009). The Millenium Development Goals Report 2009. New York: United Nations.
Valentin, A., & Spangenberg, J. H. (2000). A Guide to Community Sustainability Indicators. Environmental Impact Assessment Review , 20, 381-392.
Venema, H. D., & Rehman, I. H. (2007). Decentralized renewable energy and the climate change mitigation-adaptation nexus. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change , 875-900.
Vernon, D. (2008). Decentralization and Local Governance in Belize: A Chronicle of Developments and Identification of Key Issues for further Dialogue and Action. Belmopan: Government of Belize and UNDP.
Walker, Z., & Walker, P. (2009). The Status of Protected Areas in Belize. Belize: Wildtracks.
WCED. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. New York: Oxford university Press.
Weiland, U. (2006). Sustainability Indicators and Sustainable Development. In W. Wuyi, T.
Wheeler, S. M., & Beatley, T. (Eds.). (2004). The Sustainable Urban Development Reader. London and New York: Taylor and Francis.
Wijkman, A. (1999). Sustainable development requires integrated approaches: A world in transition. Policy Sciences , 32, 345-350.
Wolfe, J. M., & Brown, D. F. (1996). The reform of urban land policies in developing countries: A review of contemporary policy proposals in with special reference to Belize. In A. C. Mosha, Habitat Atlas: Graphic representation of basic human settlements statistics. UN-Habitat.
World Resources Institute. (2005). Belize Coastal Threat Atlas. Washington: World Resources Institute.
WSSD. (2002). Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development: Johannesburg, South Africa 26 August-4 September 2002. New York : United Nations.
Yohe, G. W. (2001). Mitigative Capacity - The Mirror Image of Adaptive Capacity on the emissions side - An Editorial. Climatic Change , 247-262.
Yohe, G., Lasco, R., Ahmad, Q., Arnell, N., Cohen, S., Hope, C., et al. (2007). Perspectives on Climate Change and Sustainability. In M. Parry, O. Canziani, J. Palutikof, P. van der Linden, & C. Hansen (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contributions of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 811-841). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Young, C. A. (2008, March 3). Belize's Ecosystems: Threats and Challenges to Conservation in Belize. Retrieved January 10, 2010, from Tropical Conservation Science Web site: http://tropicalconservationscience.mongabay.com/content/v1/08-03-03-Young.htm

指導教授

謝定亞(Ting-Ya Hsieh)

審核日期

2010-8-6

推文