山洪濁流形成沖積扇之實驗研究

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姓名

吳俊銓(Chun-chuan Wu) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

土木工程學系

論文名稱

山洪濁流形成沖積扇之實驗研究
(Experiment study of alluvial fans formed bytorrential floods)

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摘要(中)

高降雨強度及高降雨延時事件帶來山洪及相伴而生之岩屑崩滑、坡體
失穩、土石流及洪流等事件，對居民及交通建設造成災害損失甚鉅。台灣
東澳台九線 115.9K 及 116.1K 於 2010 年受梅姬颱風強降雨影響，引發土石
流直接溢淹蘇花公路至太平洋海岸線而形成沖積扇(alluvial fan)，本研究以
此案例探討山洪濁流形成沖積扇之動態過程與堆積機制。
本研究進行小尺度二維渠槽實驗，搭配高速攝影機，對顆粒流堆積歷
程、前積層(foreset)及頂積層(topset)堆積角度、水深及流動層速度分佈作分
析與討論。並使用不同顆粒粒徑(D)、水入流量(Q w )及顆粒入流量(Q s )作為實
驗主要控制因素，後兩項之比值為本研究重要的無因次參數，初始水砂排
放比(n 0 )；而藉由簡單推算頂積層顆粒流量得到實際水砂排放比(n)，以此無
因次參數探討頂積層坡度變化關係，研究結果顯示頂積層坡度與水砂排放
比成反比關係。
本研究使用質點影像測速法(Particle Image Velocimetry, PIV)探討顆粒
流動層速度分佈情形。研究結果顯示，在自由水面等同或略高於顆粒流表
面時，受邊壁效應(wall effect)影響，流動層速度剖面遵循超穩態流變學
(super-stable heap rheology, SSH)之指數分佈；而自由水面高於顆粒流表面許
多時，流動層底部仍遵循 SSH 之指數分佈，但流動層頂部接近自由表面處
受水流影響甚鉅，速度分佈較遵循 Bagnold 流變特性。

摘要(英)

Mountain floods accompanied with landslides, slope avalanches and debris
flows often cause tremendous disasters to downstream residents and
infrastructures. The dynamic process and deposit mechanism of alluvial fans by
torrential flows is experimentally explored in this study. An acrylic flume
experiment is adopted to observe the deposit progress of granular flows, deposit
angle of foreset and topset, and flow patterns with a high-speed camera. The
particle size (D), water discharge (Q w ), and sediment discharge (Q s ) dominates
the flow patterns, and the slopes of foreset and topset mainly depend on
sediment concentration (i.e., the ratio of sediment discharge to water discharge).
The slope of topset increases with increasing sediment concentration. The
velocity profiles of the flowing layer are explored by using particle image
velocimetry (PIV). The velocity profiles in the flowing layer depict SSH
rheology when the free surface is equal to or slightly higher than granular-flow
surface. When the free surface is substantially higher than granular-flow surface,
the lower part of the velocity profile in the flowing layer still obey SSH
rheology. The upper part of velocity profiles near the free surface follow the
Bagnold-type velocity profiles instead.

關鍵字(中)

★ 前積層
★ 沖積扇
★ 頂積層
★ 顆粒濃度
★ 質點影像測速法

關鍵字(英)

★ Sediment Concentration
★ Topset
★ Foreset
★ Alluvial Fan
★ PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)

論文目次

摘要 .................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................... ii
誌謝 .................................................................................................. iii
目錄 .................................................................................................. iv
圖目錄 .................................................................................................. vi
表目錄 ................................................................................................... x
第一章緒論 ......................................................................................... 1
1.1 前言 ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 .................................................................................... 3
1.3 研究方法 ................................................................................................ 3
1.4 論文架構 ................................................................................................ 3
第二章文獻回顧 ................................................................................. 6
2.1 沖積扇理論 ............................................................................................ 6
2.2 東部沖積扇案例 .................................................................................. 11
2.3 流速剖面流變特性 .............................................................................. 13
第三章實驗配置與分析方法 .......................................................... 16
3.1 實驗渠槽配置 ...................................................................................... 16
3.2 影像擷取系統 ...................................................................................... 17
3.3 顆粒材料性質 ...................................................................................... 18
3.4 實驗步驟 .............................................................................................. 20
v
3.5 影像分析方法 ...................................................................................... 22
第四章實驗結果與討論 ................................................................... 25
4.1 流量率定 .............................................................................................. 25
4.1.1 流槽漏斗顆粒出流量率定, Qs ................................................. 25
4.1.2 水流量率定, Qw ........................................................................ 32
4.1.3 初始水砂排放比, n0 ................................................................. 32
4.2 顆粒流動行為 ...................................................................................... 33
4.3 顆粒流動歷程 ...................................................................................... 34
4.4 顆粒流堆積角度 .................................................................................. 40
4.4.1 頂積層顆粒流量(qs)及實際水砂排放比(n) ............................ 40
4.4.2 前積層及頂積層角度 ............................................................... 45
4.5 水深及流動層速度剖面 ...................................................................... 53
4.5.1 水深 ........................................................................................... 53
4.5.2 流動層速度剖面 ....................................................................... 55
第五章結論與建議 ........................................................................... 58
5.1 結論 ...................................................................................................... 58
5.2 建議 ...................................................................................................... 59
參考文獻 ............................................................................................. 60

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系博士論文

指導教授

周憲德(Hsien-Ter Chou)

審核日期

2012-7-25

推文