鋼筋混凝土構件之敲擊應力波斷層掃描法

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姓名

鄭育如(Yu-Ju Cheng) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

土木工程學系

論文名稱

鋼筋混凝土構件之敲擊應力波斷層掃描法
(Impact Stress Wave Tomography of Reinforced Concrete Components)

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摘要(中)

斷層掃描(Tomography)是利用外來不具破壞性的探測能量，通過待測物體得到量測反應，藉由反應結果對待測物剖面進行成像的技術。本論文選擇以震波斷層掃描中的級數展開法作為理論基礎，其理論可分為正算模式與反算模式兩大部分。正算模式使用格點方塊模型搭配二維線性走時內差(Linear Traveltime Interpolation method, LTI)法作為計算波行路徑的方法。而反算模式則選擇速度分布之聯立疊代重建(SIRT)法反求待測試體斷面的波速分布。兩者搭配結合成一個完整的二維斷層掃描法。
對於土木工程結構物而言，由於鋼筋混凝土的高度非均質性造成應力波在試體內部傳遞行為複雜，會影響檢測結果的正確性及準確性。因此本文藉由數值模擬與實驗室試驗的方式進行研究。數值模擬方面，二維斷層掃描程式可以成功計算出試體斷面的波速分布，順利地對試體進行顯像。實驗室試驗方面，使用敲擊鎚做為應力波發射源，並採用壓電式位移探頭作為觸發裝置。根據前人研究之經驗，利用鋼筋混凝土組成物(鋼筋、混凝土與孔洞)之波速皆有其固定範圍的概念改善顯像解析度，研究成果顯示，可有效地將試體內鋼筋位置與孔洞分布情形顯現出來。

摘要(英)

Tomography is an inner image technique which generates a cross sectional picture of an object by utilizing the object’s response to the nondestructive, probing energy of an external source. In this thesis, the series expansion method of tomography was selected to develop a nondestructive evaluation technique for reinforced concrete components. In general, the tomography analysis contains two different procedures. The first one is the forward modeling for a given wave propagation structure. The forward modeling uses the ray tracing technique in order to simulate the curved ray path through the medium. The second is the inversion for updating the wave propagation structure. The ray tracing technique, linear traveltime interpolation (LTI) method which is selected to combine with simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT) to develop a computational tomography (CT) scheme for reinforced concrete (RC) components.
Numerical simulations verify that the feasibility and performance of this 2-D CT scheme for RC components are acceptable. In order to make the image more clear and improve the image contrast of the CT calculation for RC component, taking that only three levels of wave speed in a RC component: steel bar, concrete and void.
In the laboratorial testing, an impact hammer is used to generate stress wave, and a piezoelectric displacement sensor is used as the trigger device for signal acquisition. Experimental results show that computed images also can identify the sizes and position of voids, the position of steel bar inside a simple RC component quite well.

關鍵字(中)

★ 斷層掃描
★ 鋼筋混凝土
★ 非破壞檢測
★ 線性走時內差法

關鍵字(英)

★ tomography
★ reinforced concrete
★ ray tracing
★ traveltime

論文目次

摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VII
第一章緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 文獻回顧 4
1.3 研究方法 7
1.4 論文架構 8
第二章斷層掃描之原理方法 9
2.1 斷層掃描基本原理 9
2.1.1 轉換法(Transform method) 10
2.1.2 級數展開法(Series Expansion method) 12
2.2 應力波斷層掃描於混凝土結構 14
2.3 正算模式(Forward Modeling)的介紹 15
2.3.1 傳統的方法－打靶法(Shooting method)與彎曲法(Bending method) 16
2.3.2 惠更斯原理法(Huygen’s Principle method) 18
2.3.3 正－反向法(Forward－backward method(Vidale’s Approach)) 19
2.3.4 費馬最短走時定理(Fermat’s Principle) 20
2.3.5 互易原理法(Reciprocity Principle method) 20
2.3.6 最短路徑法(Shortest Path method) 21
2.3.7 線性走時內差法(Linear Traveltime Interpolation method, LTI) 21
2.4 反算方法的介紹 22
2.4.1 射線軌跡走時逆算法(Travel-time Inverse via Ray Tracing method) 23
2.4.2 阻尼最小二乘法(Damped Least Squares Solution, DLSS) 25
2.4.3 DLS Plus Averaging Smoother Solution 25
2.4.4 卷積消制法(Convolutional Quelling Solution) 25
2.4.5 正規化最小二乘法(Regularized Least Squares Solution, RLSS) 26
2.4.6 Kaczmarz’s method 26
2.4.7 速度分布之代數重建法(Algebraic Reconstruction Technique method, ART) 32
2.4.8 速度分布之聯立疊代重建法(Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique method, SIRT) 34
第三章二維線性走時內差法之理論 37
3.1 基本觀念 37
3.2 二維理論 38
3.2.1 二維線性走時內差法理論 38
3.2.2 二維線性走時內差法之前算程序(Forward Process) 42
3.2.3 二維線性走時內差法之回算程序(Backward Process) 45
3.3 二維斷層掃描程式的運算流程 47
3.3.1 走時數據的取得 47
3.3.2 二維斷層掃描程式運算流程 49
3.3.3 二維斷層掃描程式各參數設定注意事項 50
第四章數值模擬與分析 53
4.1 鋼筋混凝土構件數值模擬分析 53
4.1.1 分析模型(一)與分析模型(二) 54
4.1.2 分析模型(三)與分析模型(四) 64
4.1.3 分析模型(五)與分析模型(六) 73
4.1.4 分析模型(七) 82
4.2 預力套管數值模擬分析 88
4.2.1 分析模型(八) 88
4.2.2 分析模型(九) 95
4.2.3 分析模型(十) 103
4.2.4 分析模型(十一) 110
第五章實驗驗證 116
5.1 實驗試體配置與檢測步驟 116
5.2 儀器設備 122
5.3 實驗結果 127
第六章結論與建議 138
參考文獻 140

參考文獻

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指導教授

王仲宇(Chung-Yu Wang)

審核日期

2013-1-28

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