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以作者查詢圖書館館藏 、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士 、以作者查詢全國書目 、勘誤回報 、線上人數：41 、訪客IP：18.218.156.61
姓名 笛妮崔(Ditmara Cerrato Mairena) 查詢紙本館藏 畢業系所 國際永續發展碩士在職專班 論文名稱 生質燃料〈麻瘋樹〉的能源平衡與環境生命週期評估： 在尼加拉瓜的案例研究
(Energy Balance and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuel (Jatropha curcas L) in Nicaragua A Case of Study)相關論文 檔案 [Endnote RIS 格式]
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摘要(中) 在政策問題，如能源安全，農村發展和氣候變遷的背景下，全球生物燃料發展迅速擴大，許多國家政府看到生物燃料作為解決其政策推動的一種手段。尼加拉瓜的政府已經設定一個目標，希望平均使用約10％的生物乙醇和5%生物柴油，以達到在2020年減少15%於運輸部門之石油相關產品消耗量。尼加拉瓜亦通過政策，將痲瘋樹種子種植，作為適用於燃料運輸生物柴油之原料。
本論文採用國際標準化的生命週期評估（LCA）方法，ISO 14040-14044，評估生物柴油的能源消耗和環境的可持續性。採用專業LCA SimaPro軟體、Eco-indicator 99、IMPACT 2002、IPCC及CED當作影響評估方法，完成生命週期清單的制定，並評估完成兩種不同的種植系統。摘要(英) In the context of policy concerns of energy security, rural development, and climate change, globally biofuel production is expanding rapidly; many governments see biofuels as a means of tackling interconnected these concerns in their policies. The Nicaraguan’s government has set up reduce 15% in the year 2020 the national consumption of petroleum derivatives in the transport sector, being biodiesel from Jatropha curcas Linnaeus (JCL) partial option for substitution of diesel fuel.
Conforming to the aforementioned, the research evaluates the energy balance and environmental sustainability of the biodiesel (JCL) by applying the internationally standardized life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology of ISO 14040-14044, accomplished through the elaboration of life cycle inventory and the assessment of the environmental impacts categories of two different cultivation systems using professional software of LCA SimaPro, adopting Eco-indicator 99, IMPACT 2002+, IPCC 2007 and CED as impacts assessment methods.
The results show that the production and the use of biodiesel (JCL) trigger non-renewable energy reduction of 63-97%, (Net Energy Gain, NEG =59.39 MJ) and (Net Energy Ratio, NER=4.28), GWPs saving of 40-73%, ozone layer depletion reduction of 87-99%, acidification and eutrophication reduction of 0.03-49.9%. However, there is increase in the land use of 960%in comparison with the reference system
The research found that biofuel (JCL) has better performance in terms of GWPs, ODP, acidification-eutrophication and energy efficiency, if the by-products are recycled efficiently; however, show negative environmental impacts to the ecosystem quality.關鍵字(中) ★ 栽培種子
★ 油品提煉
★ 生物燃料
★ 影響評估
★ 排放
★ 生態系統品質
★ 資源枯竭
★ 柴油關鍵字(英) ★ Seeds
★ Oil
★ Biofuel
★ Energy balance
★ Impacts assessment
★ Emissions
★ Land use
★ By-products
★ Diesel
★ Nicaragua論文目次 Table of Contents
Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i
Chinese Abstract ......................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... iv
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. vi
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... vii
Acronyms and symbols ............................................................................................................. ix
Terminology ............................................................................................................................... x
Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Background of the study .................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Problem statement ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Objectives of the study .................................................................................................... 2
1.4. Significance of the study ................................................................................................. 2
1.5. Site description ................................................................................................................ 3
Chapter 2 Literature review ........................................................................................................ 4
2.1. Classification of biofuel ................................................................................................... 4
2.2. Development status of biofuels ....................................................................................... 5
2.3. Biofuel in the World ........................................................................................................ 5
2.3.1. Biofuel in Latin America .......................................................................................... 6
2.3.2. Biofuel in Nicaragua ................................................................................................. 6
2.3.3. Biofuel in the study’s area ........................................................................................ 7
2.4. Botanical description of JCL ........................................................................................... 7
2.5. Production system of JCL biodiesel ................................................................................ 8
2.5.1. Agricultural cultivation system of JCL seeds ........................................................... 8
2.5.2. Oil extraction, refining and by-products system ...................................................... 9
2.5.3. JCL biodiesel and by-product system ..................................................................... 13
2.5.4. Use of JCL oil ......................................................................................................... 15
2.6. Life cycle assessment (LCA): state of the art ................................................................ 16
2.6.1. The goal and scope definition ................................................................................. 17
2.6.2. The life cycle inventory (LCI) ................................................................................ 20
2.6.3. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) .............................................................. 20
2.6.4. Uncertainty analysis ............................................................................................... 21
2.6.5. Interpretation .......................................................................................................... 21
Chapter 3 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 22
3.1. Goal and scope definition .............................................................................................. 22
3.1.1. Goal definition ........................................................................................................ 22
3.1.2. Functional unit (FU) ............................................................................................... 22
3.1.3. System boundaries .................................................................................................. 23
3.1.4. Scenarios simulation ............................................................................................... 24
3.1.5. Data quality ............................................................................................................ 28
3.1.6. Reference system .................................................................................................... 30
3.2. The life cycle inventory (LCI) methodology ................................................................. 30
v
3.2.1. Data collection ........................................................................................................ 30
3.2.2. Data treatment ........................................................................................................ 31
3.2.3. LCI agricultural cultivation system ........................................................................ 31
3.2.4. LCI oil extraction, refining and by products system .............................................. 36
3.2.5. LCI oil transesterification system ........................................................................... 40
3.2.6. LCI biofuel at filling station ................................................................................... 41
3.2.7. LCI exporting the oil .............................................................................................. 42
3.2.8. Oil end use .............................................................................................................. 42
3.2.9. Fossil diesel (reference system) .............................................................................. 44
3.3. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) ...................................................................... 45
3.3.1. Eco-indicator 99 method ........................................................................................ 46
3.3.2. The IMPACT 2002+ method .................................................................................. 52
3.3.3. IPCC 2007 GWP 100a method ............................................................................... 54
3.3.4. Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) ....................................................................... 55
3.3.5. Energy balance ....................................................................................................... 56
3.4. Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis .................................................................................. 56
3.5. Interpretation ................................................................................................................. 57
Chapter 4 Results ...................................................................................................................... 58
4.1. Life cycle inventory (LCI) results ................................................................................. 58
4.1.1. Agricultural cultivation system .............................................................................. 58
4.1.2. Oil extraction, refining and by products system ..................................................... 59
4.1.3. Oil transesterification system ................................................................................. 62
4.1.4. Biofuel at filling station .......................................................................................... 63
4.1.5. Exporting the oil ..................................................................................................... 63
4.1.6. Oil end use .............................................................................................................. 64
4.1.7. Fossil diesel (reference system) .............................................................................. 65
4.2. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results ................................................................ 65
4.2.1. Eco-indicator 99 ..................................................................................................... 66
4.2.2. IMPACT 2002+ ...................................................................................................... 74
4.2.3. IPCC 2007 GWP 100a ............................................................................................ 82
4.2.4. Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) ....................................................................... 84
4.2.5. Energy Balance ....................................................................................................... 85
4.3. Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis results....................................................................... 88
Chapter 5 LCA interpretation ................................................................................................... 90
5.1. Methodology applied ..................................................................................................... 90
5.2. Impacts assessment interpretation ................................................................................. 94
5.3. Energy Balance interpretation ....................................................................................... 96
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendation .......................................................................... 97
6.1. Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 97
6.2. Recommendation ........................................................................................................... 99
Chapter 7 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 100
Appendix.A Machinery and Implements................................................................................ 105
Appendix.B Maps ................................................................................................................... 106
Appendix.C Exporting the oil ................................................................................................. 107
Appendix.D Impacts assessment tables .................................................................................. 108參考文獻 [1] Achten , W., 2008. Sustainability evaluation of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas L: A life cycle oriented study, Leuven: PhD diss., Katholieke Universiteit.
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US Energy information administration EIA: www.eia.gov (accessed: December 2012)指導教授 蕭述三(Shu-San Hsiau) 審核日期 2013-7-15 推文 plurk
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