| dc.description.abstract | This research proposes and evaluates PACARD (Personalize Adaptive CARD-based interface) that provides learning materials in an adaptive way. Basically, PACARD suggested and changed related cards over time in response to learners, thereby personalizing each user’s experiments. It combines card-based design and spaced repetition learning technique to output a personalized adaptive mechanism that enables learners to study, and review learning content efficiently. PACARD address the problems of mobile learning app distributed on the app stores, including the issues of screen size, low engagement, and prolonged screen time. More specifically, this interface has a flexible card-based design, which is compatible with various types of mobile devices thus overcoming the screen size challenge. Yet, some other techniques were integrated such as, push notifications, and badges that aim to increase learner’s engagement. In addition, the problem of screen time is overcome through an integration of PACARD on the Smartwatch combined with voice command, text to speech, and wrist gesture. A mobile application called “English Practice” has been developed wherein a card-based interface named PACARD was implemented. Empirical studies were conducted with about 170,000 online users to evaluate PACARD’s effect on learners’ engagement and memory retention. In terms of memory retention and users′ preference in PACARD, it results in better retention and enables the learning items to be more appealing to the users as the users related to their own learning progress. In addition, PACARD increased the number of user sessions, duration of use, and retention of app. Moreover, we also observed how our adaptive mechanism meets user preference and investigated learners’ habits and behaviors, thus providing greater understanding of PACARD use. | en_US |