| dc.description.abstract | Phylogeography Study of Asian pit vipers in Indonesia using mitochondrial genes (16S rRNA & ND4) and nuclear genes (7IβFIB & 3ITBP)
Abstract
Unique geographical history of Indonesia and surrounding area played an important role in shaping of organism evolution. Evolutionary history of Asian pit vipers is relevant to those geography changes. Asian pit vipers widely distribute in Southern Asia, including Indonesia. There were total 13 known species of Asian pit vipers but not well studied in Indonesia. Their demographic information is required for conservational concerns. Hence, we collected more samples from Indonesia to evaluate the phylogeny and biogeography of Asian pit vipers, and to estimate their population size. This research involved 29 species of Asian pit vipers from Southeast Asia. We collected 46 samples consisting 7 species of Asian pit vipers from Indonesia. The DNA sequences of four genes, 16S rRNA, ND4, 7IβFIB & 3ITBP, were used to conduct the phylogeography analyses. Additional 151 sequences of the same four genes from 28 Asian pit vipers species were obtained from Genbank. The phylogenies are reconstructed using three different algorithms, maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and bayesian inference. Phylogenies based on these four genes were well-resolved with mostly high branch supports and formed 5 monophyletic groups, Trimeresurus clade, Parias clade, Popeia clade, Viridovipera clade, and Cryptelytrops clade. It was the first time to show in the phylogeny that T. andalasensis was a sister taxa to T. puniceus. On the other hand, we might recognize a new species within Cryptelytrops insularis. The most recent common ancestor of Asian pit viper diverged around 17.2 million years ago (Miocene). Most clades diversified during Miocene epoch, indicated that Asian pit vipers experienced the environment with predominantly warm climate and rainforest vegetation, thus this group had better chance to evolved. Bayesian skyline analyses (BSP) estimated the effective population size on 5 species which belonged to 3 genus of Asian pit vipers. 3 species, C. purpureomaculatus, P. sabahi, and T. puniceus showed slighlty increased and nearly constant during Miocene to Pliocene (warm climate), then at Pleistocene (cold climate) the population size were slightly decreased. The other 2 species, C. albolabris and C. insularis showed significant expansion, means they have strong adaptation at the cold period. Based on the BSP, we might suggested that the different species of Asian pit vipers might have different responses due to the climate changes.
Keywords: Asian pit vipers, Mitochondrial genes, Nuclear genes, Phylogeography, Bayesian skyline plot
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