| dc.description.abstract | Smart cities effectively integrate human, physical, and digital systems operating in the built environment to provide automatic and efficient applications. While city models, Internet of Things (IoT), and domain models are essential components of smart cities, the integration of IoT resources and the city models are central information backbone for smart city cyber-infrastructures. However, by reviewing existing literatures and cases, we argue that most of the existing solutions integrating city models and IoT resources are customized based on individual applications and lack of interoperability. To improve the interoperability between smart city modules, this study first categorizes and analyzes the pros and cons of integration strategies, and proposes a semantic-based method to integrate OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) CityGML, IndoorGML and SensorThings API standards. To be specific, this study proposes an integration ontology to connect the data models from these standards. In addition, due to the flexible definition of Things in the IoT, the proposed ontology also supports multiple views of Things, including a-building-as-a-Thing, a-room-as-a-Thing, an-opening-as-a-Thing, and a-device-as-a-Thing. As a result, information from the CityGML, IndoorGML and SensorThings API can be connected and queried via SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) queries. To demonstrate the contributions of this research, different use cases such as smart home, smart security, smart healthcare and fire evacuation system are simulated. Overall, the proposed solution can facilitate the integration of IoT resources and city models in an interoperable manner to support smart city applications. | en_US |