| dc.description.abstract | Due to the ever-increasing awareness of the importance of sustainability, pharmaceutical sector is expected to adopt a sustainable mindset as well. As a means to contribute to those paradigm shift, a series of case studies concerning about developing a sustainable process from the beginning to the end product are presented. In Case I, a method to recycle the spent excess reagent and solvent by slurry reactive crystallization was developed in the chiral resolution of (R,S)-(±)-ibuprofen. The recycle of the resolving agent (56.8 to 77.5 mol%) and spent mother liquor (75.8 to 87.9 wt%) were resulted and reused in subsequent batches, while at the same time, the enriched (S)-(+)-ibuprofen with enantiopurity of 70.2 to 90.0% was produced. However, in reality, waste disposal will be inevitable at some point in a manufacturing process. Therefore, in Case II, an arsenic-containing wastewater produced from the production of an arsenic-based chemotherapeutic agent was presented. To remove arsenic from this wastewater, an arsenic adsorbent made of hydrous ferric oxide impregnated in agarose beads was developed. By passing the wastewater containing 250 μg of As(III) / L of As(III) through a column packed with the adsorbent, the concentration of As(III) could be reduced to 10 μg of As(III) / L of As(III), which was in conformity with the WHO recommended limit. Lastly, pharmaceutical pollution may also happen outside the manufacturing facility. Some of the finished pharmaceutical products may end up being unused, in which its disposal would be problematic. Therefore, in Case III, processes were developed to recycle unused acetaminophen tablets, (R,S)-(±)-ibuprofen tablets, and As2O3 injectables for chemotherapy by salvaging the valuable active pharmaceutical ingredients from those unused drug products. Utilizing a process based on solid-liquid extraction, acetaminophen and (R,S)-(±)-ibuprofen could be recovered with the yield of 58.7 wt% and 67.6 wt%, respectively. For the As2O3 injectables, evaporative crystallization-based protocol was developed, which could recover 65.2 to 79.9 wt% of As2O3. All of those recovered products were recovered in the desired stable crystal form, and were in conformity with the purity standard based on HPLC assay. | en_US |