| dc.description.abstract | This passage aims to explore the role and impact of the intelligence work carried out by the Ministry of Military Orders during the Chinese resistance against Japan. Previous scholars often mention the intelligence agencies of the Military Affairs Commission, typically thinking of Bureau of Investigation and Statistics and the Central Bureau of Investugation and Statistics(CBIS), but they overlook the fact that the primary unit handling military intelligence was the Ministry of Military Orders within the Military Affairs Commission. The Ministry of Military Orders was formed through the merger of the General Staff Headquarters of the National Government and the First Department of the Military Affairs Commission, making it one of the key institutions during the resistance against Japan. The planning of the Military Affairs Commission′s combat strategies was orchestrated by the Ministry of Military Orders, and thus, the intelligence gathering and assessment by the department played a crucial role in determining the course of the war, with the intelligence work primarily overseen by the Second Bureau.
This article is divided into three parts. The first part elucidates the pre-World War II development of staff organizations in Germany, Japan, and various Western countries, as well as the development and intelligence work of the predecessor of the Ministry of Military Orders′s Second Bureau, namely the Second Bureau of the General Staff Headquarters. The second part explores the organizational details of the Ministry of Military Orders′s Second Bureau, including its structural evolution, successive directors and deputy directors, as well as the competition and cooperation between the Second Bureau and other institutions during the resistance against Japan. Finally, it attempts to analyze the effectiveness of the Ministry of Military Orders′s intelligence work during the resistance against Japan, examining the role of the intelligence collected and analyzed by the department in the decision-making of the Military Affairs Commission. | en_US |