dc.description.abstract | The concept of system is to analyze the relationship between the inputs and outputs. The scholars utilized the concept of system to explain the economy and technical development of the countries, which inspired innovation system theory. The national innovation system develops in its unique way to innovate based on each country’’s unique historical and geographical conditions. Systematic operation consists of many elements, environmental circumstances, and the linkage among elements. Namely, the innovative achievement of a country or industry does not come from a single enterprises or organization, but from a complex, systemic mechanism. To measure the multidimensional national innovation system is difficult. However, by understanding its global relative efficiency, a country can assess its strength and weakness in order to set the direction of future policies. System efficiency is often distorted when assessed by a single index, which is unable to present complete information. Therefore, this research utilized two-stage data envelopment analysis to measure the relative efficiency of the national innovation system of 30 main countries in the world in 2005. Through the two-stage model, this research measured the innovation efficiency of new knowledge production fostered by national innovation systems of various countries and the economic efficiency of economic achievements converted from the spread of new knowledge. We procured extra information about the economic efficiency over the traditional analysis through the two-stage model. From the study, the 30 countries displayed better innovation efficiency than economic efficiency, but countries with excellent innovation efficiency did not necessarily display superior economic efficiency. As to economies of scale, more than 70% of the countries retained increasing returns to scale at the first stage, so they should increase the input of resources to expand the scale. Nonetheless, more than 70% of the countries incurred decreasing returns to scale at the second stage. As a result, they are suggested to focus the use of resources on the quality of scientific journals and patents instead of on the increase in quantity in order to achieve economies of scale. With respect to area, North America had better innovation efficiency, and Europe had better economic efficiency, while Asia excelled in both. Finally, we found that for the 30 samples, an important factor of innovation efficiency is the number of researchers, while a major factor of economic efficiency is the number of scientific journal papers. | en_US |