dc.description.abstract | The use of musk flavor has a long history dating back to ancient times. Until the end of the nineteenth century the popular fragrance was obtained from natural sources. Nowadays synthetic compounds are almost exclusively used. They can be divided into four major classes: aromatic nitro musks, polycyclic musks, macrocyclic musks, and alicycloc musks. Due to their flavor odor and lower price, synthetic musks use to be added to personal care products, and release by the waste sludge and sewage. Musks also can easily accumulate in water, sludge, and biota, therefore a simple and effective method is required.
The first part of this study, one-step in situ microwave-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (MA-HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromato- graphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was presented as a fast and eco-friendly technique to determine synthetic musks in fish samples. The fish sample mixed with 5 mL MeOH and 13 ml deionized water was efficiently extracted by a polymehtylsiloxane- divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber place in the headspace when extraction was microwave irradiated at 80 W for 5 min. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.08 ng/g to 0.5 ng/g and the limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.3 ng/g to 2 ng/g.
A preliminary analysis of fish samples revealed that all sample can be detected the synthetic musks, using a standard addition method, musks concentration were determined to range from 1.0 to 14.0 ng/g with relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 0.4 % to 9.8 %.
The results show that this MA-HS-SPME and GC-SIM-MS are reliable, sensitive, and stable analytical technique for a trace determination of synthetic musks in fish.
4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonylphenol isomers (4-NPs) are two persistent degradation products form widely used nonionic surfactants alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs). They have been demonstrated to exhibit the ability to mimic natural hormones. The second part of this study is analysis and monitors the hydrophobic alkylphenol compounds in snail in Taiwan.
In this study, one-step steam-distillation extraction followed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is presented as a simple technique to determine alkylphenols in snail samples. The snail sample mixed with 100 ml deionized water into 250 mL round bottle, and connected with steam distillation tube which contained 4 mL hexane, then extraction for one hour. The recovery for each samples range from 80.3 % to 114.9 % with RSD ranged from 2.4% to 12.7%.
The 4-NPs concentrations ranged from 23 ng/g to 3370 ng/g in 4 different species (Natica lineata, NL, Neverita didyma, Nd, Thais clavigera, TC, Babylonia areolata, BA), but 4-t-OP was not detected in snail samples. The results showed that the concentration of 4-NPs in snails were significant different among sampling locations, species, and years.
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