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姓名	阮達祿(Dac-loc Nguyen)  查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	環境工程研究所
論文名稱	2013年7SEAS國際觀測對北越南山羅生質燃燒期間氣膠化學特性及來源鑑定 (Chemical characterization and source identification of aerosol at Sonla, northern Vietnam over biomass burning period during 7SEAS campaign in 2013)
相關論文	★ 台灣北部地區大氣氣膠有機酸特性 ★ 北部氣膠超級測站近七年氣膠特性變化探討 ★ 鹿林山背景大氣及受生質燃燒事件影響的氣膠化學特性 ★ 鹿林山大氣氣膠含水量探討及乾氣膠光學特性 ★ 中南半島近污染源生質燃燒氣膠特性及其傳輸演化與東沙島氣膠特性 ★ 鹿林山大氣背景站不同氣團氣膠光學特性 ★ 台灣細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)空氣品質標準建置研究 ★ 台灣都市地區細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)手動採樣分析探討 ★ 2011年不同來源氣團鹿林山氣膠水溶性無機離子動態變化 ★ 台灣都會區細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)濃度變化影響因子、污染來源及其對大氣能見度影響 ★ 2012年越南山羅高地生質燃燒期間氣膠特性及2003-2012年台灣鹿林山氣膠來源解析 ★ 2011年生質燃燒期間越南山羅高地和台灣鹿林山氣膠特性 ★ 中南半島近生質燃燒源區與傳輸下風鹿林山氣膠特性及來源解析 ★ 台灣北、中′南部細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)儀器比對成分分析與來源推估 ★ 2013年春季鹿林山和夏季龍潭氣膠水溶性離子短時間動態變化特性 ★ 2011-2015年台灣都會區細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)成分濃度變化、污染來源推估及對能見度影響
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摘要(中)	每年春季為中南半島地區生質燃燒活動極為盛行的時期，本研究於2013年春季在越南北部的山羅省(海拔675m)配合7-SEAS (七個東南亞國家研究)活動進行氣膠採樣，主要目的是在北越南探討相關資料很稀少的近污染源生質燃燒氣膠化學組成。 　　研究結果顯示在生質燃燒事件期間，2013年春季山羅省PM10氣膠受PM2.5氣膠(平均值: 57 ± 27 μg m-3, 範圍: 13—134 μg m-3)主導，PM2.5佔PM10的比例為75 ± 9 %。關於水溶性離子分析結果，硫酸根離子為PM2.5質量濃度主要貢獻物種，平均濃度為5.51 ± 2.43 μg m-3，所佔比例為11.04 ± 5.62 %。接下來為銨根離子、硝酸根離子及鉀離子，其平均濃度分別為1.94 ± 0.94 μg m-3、1.18 ± 0.57 μg m-3、1.18 ± 0.57 μg m-3；佔PM2.5質量濃度平均比例分別為4.09 ± 2.52 %、 2.13 ± 0.80 %及 1.08 ± 0.53 %。氣膠碳成分分析結果，有機碳及元素碳中主要物種分別為OC3及EC1-OP，且其平均濃為20.16 ± 9.57 μg m-3 、3.45 ± 1.77 μg m-3。此外，水可溶性有機碳(WSOC)佔有機碳比例為56 ± 12%，這表示於BB事件中所產生的碳成分氣膠具有潛在的含水特性。HULIS (Humic-like-substances)為一種可吸光有機物質，其含量為7.40 ± 4.54 μg m-3，佔有機碳的比例為35 ± 9%。同時氣膠單醣無水化合物則以左旋葡萄糖為主，所佔比例為3.09 ± 0.72%而平均濃度則是1.80 ± 0.96 μg m-3 。當生質燃燒指標物種K+、OC3、EC1-OP、HULIS 及左旋葡萄糖彼此間相關性判定係數R2都達0.62以上(N=44)，印證本地區氣膠受BB影響。 對於生質燃燒追蹤物探討，在越南北方山羅省採樣期間的樣品，以及用於氣相層析-質譜儀分析的14個選定樣品，左旋葡聚醣及甘露醣濃度比值為15.6 ±1.4， 顯示山羅省主要燃燒的物質為硬木及草地植披。 本研究也測定環境中PM2.5顆粒裡一次及二次有機氣膠追蹤物隨時間變化的組成，可偵測到多於50種有機化合物包括醣類、木質素、樹脂產物、脂肪酸、芳香族酸和生物氧化產物(如： 2-methyltetrols, 烯烴三元醇, 3 - 羥基戊二酸)。考慮不同來源地區的氣流軌跡並比較追蹤物的結果，根據氣膠中有機分子的組成我們能更了解中南半島北方生質燃燒的影響途徑，以及更多氣膠資訊和氧化過程。 最後，本文首次應用穩定同位素碳-13 (δ13C)在北越南PM2.5 氣膠的研究，其範圍落在−26.6 和 −25.4‰之間，這指出有C3植物和化石燃料燃燒的貢獻。 關鍵字：中南半島生質燃燒，氣膠化學物種，有機氣膠追蹤物，左旋葡萄糖、同位素碳-13
摘要(英)	Every spring, biomass burning (BB) is very active in the northern Indochina peninsula. Atmospheric aerosol was collected at Sonla, northern Vietnam (675 m a.s.l.) during 7-SEAS (Seven SouthEast Asian Studies) campaign in 2013. The objective of this study was to investigate comprehensively the chemical characteristics of near-source BB aerosol in the northern Vietnam where related data were scarce. During the BB period, the results revealed that PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm) dominated PM10 at Sonla in 2013 (mean: 57 ± 27 μg m-3, range: 13—134 μg m-3) with a PM2.5 to PM10 ratio of 0.75 ± 0.09. With regard to bulk water-soluble inorganic component, SO42- is the dominated specie, the average concentration was 5.51 ± 2.43 μg m-3, accounting for 11.04 ± 5.62 % in PM2.5 mass, followed by NH4+ (1.94 ± 0.94 μg m-3, 4.09 ± 2.52 %), NO3- (1.18 ± 0.57 μg m-3, 2.13 ± 0.80 %), and K+ (1.18 ± 0.57 μg m-3, 1.87 ± 0.53 %). As for the bulk carbonaceous content, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon(EC) were averaged at 20.16 ± 9.57 μg m-3 (35.62 ± 6.64 %) and 3.45 ± 1.77 μg m-3 (6.22 ± 2.03 %), respectively; OC3 was the most significant fraction in OC and EC1-OP was dominated in elemental carbon (EC) fractions. Furthermore, the high water-soluble OC (WSOC) fraction in OC (56 ± 12%) implies that carbonaceous aerosol from BB plume would be potentially hygroscopic. Humic-like-substances (HULIS), known as light-absorbing-organic component, was found at 7.40 ± 4.54 μg m-3, constituting 35 ± 9% in OC. Meanwhile, levoglucosan, as a biomass burning marker, is noted as the predominant species in aerosol anhydrosugars, averaged at 1.80 ± 0.96 μg m-3 (3.09 ± 0.72%). The linear correlation matrix of the near-source BB tracers such as K+, OC3, EC1-OP, HULIS and levoglucosan were correlated well with each other (R2≧0.62, N=44), indicating that aerosols were influenced intensively by BB in the area. By employing the ratio of PM2.5 levoglucosan to mannosan, averaged at 15.6 ± 1.4 during the study period at the Sonla site, as well as 14 selected samples for the analysis of BB markers by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, the major burnt materials was inferred to be from hardwood and grass/non-woody vegetation. The temporal variations of both primary and secondary aerosol tracers from the 14 selected samples were also identified. More than 50 organic compounds including saccharide compounds, lignin and resin products, fatty acids, aromatic acids, poly-acids, and biogenic oxidation products (e.g., 2-methyltetrols, alkene triols, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid) were resolved in the aerosol particles. By comparing the tracers of aerosol samples classified with backward airflow trajectories from different source regions, one can better understand the influence of BB on the organic molecular composition of the transported aerosols and provide additional important information on aerosol sources and oxidation processes. Finally, stable carbon δ13C isotopic data ranged from −26.6 to −25.4‰ in PM2.5 were revealed for the first time in the northern Vietnam, which indicated a contribution from burning of C3 plants and fossil fuel combustion
關鍵字(中)	★ 同位素碳-13 ★ 中南半島生質燃燒 ★ 氣膠化學物種 ★ 含碳比例 ★ 左旋葡聚醣 ★ 二次有機氣膠追蹤物	關鍵字(英)	★ isotope δ13C. ★ Indochina biomass burning ★ aerosol chemical ★ organic aerosol tracers ★ Levoglucosan ★ carbon fractions
論文目次	Abstract vi Contents x Figures xiv Tables xix Equation xxi Abbreviations xxii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Motivations 1 1.2. Objectives 3 Chapter 2. Literature Review 5 2.1. Overview of biomass burning and anthropogenic sources in northern Southeast Asia region and East Asia 5 2.1.1 Seasonal and inter-annual variations of biomass burning episode in Southeast Asia region 5 2.1.2. Overview of other anthropogenic sources in Southeast Asia and China 9 2.1.3. Mechanism of transport and dispersion of pollutants to Sonla site in northern Southeast Asian region 10 2.2. Chemical characteristics of bulk biomass burning aerosol 11 2.3.1. Water-soluble inorganic ion component 12 2.3.2. Carbonaceous components 13 2.3. Organic speciation by means of gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS): primary sources and secondary oxidation implication 21 2.3.1. Primary saccharides including monosaccharides and sugar alcohols 21 2.3.2. Fatty acids 21 2.3.3. Aromatic and poly-acids (SOA) 23 2.3.4. SOA tracers for isoprene and pinene oxidation 24 2.3.5. Plastic emission and fossil fuel combustion or anthropogenic source 25 2.4. Biomass burning categories and combustion phase 25 2.4.1. Biomass burning categories 26 2.4.2. Combustion phase 28 2.5. Chemical characteristics of biomass burning and characteristics of the species ratio 29 2.5.1. Carbonaceous component 29 2.6. Stable carbon (δ13C) isotopic compositions 30 2.7. Literature review of Aerosol characteristics in Northern Viet Nam 31 2.8. Fine particulate matter pollution and human health implication 37 Chapter 3. Experimental 39 3.1. Research framework 39 3.2. Sampling site and sample collection 39 3.2.1. Short overview of Vietnam and forest situation in Vietnam and in Indochina Peninsula 39 3.2.2. Sampling site and sampling collection 42 3.3. Sampling methodology 46 3.4. Chemical analysis 47 3.4.1. PM mass measurement 47 3.4.2. Water soluble inorganic ions measurement 48 3.4.3. Carbonaceous aerosols components 53 3.4.4. Anhydro-sugars 56 3.4.5. Water soluble organic carbon 57 3.4.6. Humic-like substance (HULIS) 58 3.4.7. Extraction and analysis for selective fourteen samples with gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and isotope 60 3.5. Meteorological and gaseous pollutant measurement; air mass backward trajectory from HYSLPIT model and fire image satellite data from MODIS fire image satellite 62 Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 65 4.1. Weather conditions and gaseous pollutants; and PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 aerosol mass concentrations 65 4.2. PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 aerosol concentration of soluble ions 74 4.3. PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 aerosol concentration and bulk carbonaceous component 76 4.3.1. PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 aerosol organic carbon and elemental carbon 76 4.3.2. PM2.5 Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) 80 4.3.3. Humic-like substances (HULIS) concentration 86 4.4. PM2.5 organic aerosol concentration 90 4.4.1. PM2.5 aerosol concentration of mono-saccharide anhydrous compound 90 4.5. PM2.5 aerosol source inference, combustion phase in BB and burnt material 92 4.5.1. PM2.5 aerosol source inference 92 4.5.2. BB combustion phase 101 4.5.3. Biomass burning categories 101 4.5.4. Estimate of biomass burning contribution to OC 102 4.5.5. Chemical characteristics of the local contribution to aerosol burden at sampling site: an exceptional case 102 4.5.6. Comparison of PM2.5 composition in bulk inorganic and organic components among trajectory types. 103 4.6. PM2.5 Organic molecular composition for selective samples analyzed by GC-MS 105 4.6.1. Biomass burning tracers: high concentrations in mid-March during intensive BB period: 109 4.6.2. Plastic emission and fossil fuel combustion 113 4.6.3. Primary saccharides and their temporal variations 115 4.6.4. Fatty acids 118 4.6.5 Aromatic and poly-acids (SOA) 120 4.6.6. SOA tracers for isoprene and pinene oxidation 123 4.7. Preliminary stable carbon isotopic (δ13C) compositions 126 Chapter 5. Conclusion, and Recommendation 128 5.1. Conclusion/Summary 128 References 130 Chapter 7. Appendix 143 Appendix I. 5-day backward trajectories of aerosol arriving at Sonla, northern Vietnam, from late February to early April, 2013 143 A. Airflow pathway from South China and typical MODIS fire image 143 B. Airflow pathway from Indochina 146 C. Airflow pathway from South and east of sampling site. 151 Appendix II. Wind rose at Sonla, northern Vietnam, from late February to early April, 2013 155 Appendix III. Topography maps at northern Vietnam 157 Appendix IV. Observation at the site for exceptional case to understand the data 159
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指導教授	李崇德(Chung-te Lee)	審核日期	2014-7-31
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