河口與近海環境懸浮顆粒物質之探討：顆粒性有機物之來源及懸浮顆粒之重量法測定

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吳栢兆(Po-chao Wu) 查詢紙本館藏

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水文與海洋科學研究所

論文名稱

河口與近海環境懸浮顆粒物質之探討：顆粒性有機物之來源及懸浮顆粒之重量法測定
(Suspended Particulate Matter in the estuarine and coastal environments: origin of organic matter determined from isotopic composition and gravimetric determination of suspended solid)

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摘要(中)

淡水河位於台灣北部，流域經過台北市與新北市，為台灣人口密度最高的地方。都市排放大量之廢水，對淡水河造成嚴重的污染，進而影響河中之懸浮顆粒物質等生地化過程。透過定性與定量分析顆粒物質，不僅可以了解淡水河口顆粒性有機物之來源以及生地化過程，也可以了解淡水河口懸浮顆粒物質之輸送過程。
過去之研究認為在淡水河口中之顆粒性有機物來源有汙水、土壤以及沉積物，然而本研究對前人2009年在重陽橋所測量之結果提出討論與推算。結果發現淡水河口中之汙水不是直接提供顆粒性有機物之來源，而是汙水所含營養鹽經由藻類吸收後，所產生之藻類以及其碎屑，才是主要的顆粒性有機物來源。本研究不僅找出藻類碎屑之特性，並且以此作為新的端成份重新考慮。經由推算後得到2009年2月之顆粒性有機物來源為藻類碎屑與沉積物各佔45.3%、51.3%，土壤佔3.5%。而2009年7月之顆粒性有機物主要來源為藻類碎屑，佔75.3%；沉積物為次要，佔17.3%，其餘則為土壤佔7.5%。
本研究也對河口與近岸海洋環境之懸浮顆粒濃度進行討論，結果顯示河口與海洋環境懸浮顆粒濃度會受到過濾之背景值影響(0.2 ~28 mg)。在這樣作用複雜的環境之下，進行少量體積過濾測量懸浮顆粒濃度時，就必須使用不同體積之樣水，進行重複過濾測定，再由迴歸分析，藉此修正背景值之影響，最後可以得到最可靠之懸浮顆粒濃度。換言之，進行一次之過濾測量結果是很不準確的。
未經背景值修正前，重量法測定結果與OBS資料兩者之相關性與顯著性皆不好(R2 = 0.151, p = 0.046)；迴歸修正之後再進行比較，兩者關係提升(R2 = 0.568, p < 0.001 )，顯示迴歸修正之重要。然而OBS資料較重量法結果高出很多，顯示OBS原先之設定可能有問題。在河口或近岸海洋環境這樣複雜的環境下，OBS之校正就必須更加嚴謹，才能得到最佳觀測結果。

摘要(英)

The Danshuei River is located in Northern Taiwan and flows through the metropolitan are of the Taipei City and the New Taipei City, the most densely populated area in Taiwan. Large amount of waste is discharged into the Danshuei River and strongly affects the concentrations of suspended organic matter and nutrients. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of suspended particulate matter can not only give us information about the biogeochemical processes, but can also help us understand the transportation process of the suspended solid in the Danshuei River.
In the past, the particulate organic matter (POM) was assumed comprising of anthropogenic wastes, soils and river sediments. However, according to previous observations, it was found that anthropogenic waste not an important source of POM. Because of the high correlation between particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll-a, we considered that phytodetritus is an important source of particulate organic matter in the Danshuei River. Thus this study defined the properties of phytodetritus and used them to represent a new end-member to calculate the contributions from different sources of POM in the Danshuei estuary. Using a three end member mixing model based on δ15NPN values and C/N ratios, we calculated the fractions from the three major sources of POM,namely, phytodetritus, soils and bed-rock derived sediments, in the estuary. Their contributions were, respectively, 45.4%, 51.8% and 2.8% in February 2009, and 75.3%, 17.3% and 7.5% in July 2009.
This study also investigated the concentrations of suspended solid in the estuarine and coastal environments. The results show that the concentrations of suspended solid derived from the measurements were affected by blanks, which may be contributed by salt or dissolve organic matter retained by the filters. It is necessary to carry out replicated measurements for the concentration of suspended solid and use linear regression to obtain the most reliable results.
It was found that, without blank correction, the correlation between gravimetric results and OBS data (R2 = 0.151, p = 0.046) is insignificant. After correction for the blanks by regression analysis, they were significantly correlated (R2= 0.568, p < 0.001), indicating the importance of regression analysis for blank correction. However, most of the OBS data are overestimated relative to the gravimetric results, indicating problems with the original setting of the OBS. Therefore, calibration of the OBS should be carried out very carefully in order to obtain optimal results in such complicated environments.

關鍵字(中)

★ 顆粒性有機物
★ 懸浮顆粒濃度
★ 氮同位素組成
★ 淡水河
★ 碳氮比

關鍵字(英)

★ particulate organic matter
★ concentration of suspended solid
★ nitrogen isotopic composition
★ the Danshuei River
★ C/N ratio

論文目次

摘要 ii
Abstr act iv
致謝 vi
目錄 vii
表目錄 x
圖目錄 xi
第一章緒論 1
1.1 氮循環 2
1.2 穩定同位素 4
1.3 同位素分化作用 5
1.4 氮同位素的變化 6
1.5 可變性之反應動力同位素分化作用 8
1.6 河口之定義 9
1.7 淡水河文獻回顧 9
1.8 研究目的 10
第二章材料與方法 12
2.1 採樣方法 . 12
2.1.1 採樣地點與時間 12
2.1.2 觀測及採樣方式 12
2.2 分析方法 14
2.2.1 氨氮同位素分析：擴散法 14
2.2.2 顆粒性有機物 (POM) 17
2.2.3 銨離子濃度測定方式 17
2.2.4 磷酸鹽濃度測定方式 18
2.2.5 亞硝酸根濃度測定方式 18
2.2.6 硝酸根濃度測定方式 18
2.2.7 矽酸鹽濃度測定方式 19
2.2.8 鹼度 19
2.2.9 葉綠素a 20
2.2.10 溶氧 20
2.3 同位素標本之測定 20
2.3.1 連續流動質譜儀 20
2.3.2 氮同位素標準品 21
第三章淡水河口顆粒性有機物來源之探討 22
3.1 淡水河簡介 22
3.2 樣品與分析 23
3.2.1 採樣時間與地點 23
3.2.2 樣品分析方法 23
3.3 結果 24
3.3.1 溫度與鹽 24
3.3.2 銨與硝酸根 24
3.3.3 亞硝酸根與葉綠素 a 25
3.3.4 磷酸鹽 26
3.3.5 矽酸鹽 26
3.3.6 溶氧 26
3.3.7 鹼度與溶解性二氧化碳 26
3.3.8 顆粒性有機碳濃度與氮之變化 27
3.3.9 顆粒性氮與銨之同位素變化 27
3.4 討論 28
3.4.1 淡水河口顆粒性有機物之來源 28
3.4.2 藻類吸收銨生長之同位素分化作用 29
3.4.3 顆粒性有機物之來源推算 30
3.4.4 結果比較 35
3.4.5 藻類碎屑之濃度 35
3.5 小結 36
第四章河口與近海環境懸浮顆粒濃度之探討 38
4.1 簡介 . 38
4.2 材料與方法 39
4.2.1 採樣時間及地點 39
4.2.2 懸浮顆粒濃度分析步驟 39
4.3 結果 40
4.4 討論 40
4.4.1 淡水河口懸浮顆粒之背景值探討 40
4.4.2 近海水體懸浮顆粒測量之背景值探討 43
4.4.3 重複測量之誤差 44
4.5 小結 . 45
第五章結論與建議 47
5.1 結論 47
5.2 建議 49
英文參考獻 50
中文參考獻 55
附錄一淡水河口各測站資訊 104
附錄二銨離子濃度測定方式 105
附錄三磷酸根濃度測定方式 109
附錄四亞硝酸根濃度測定方式 112
附錄五硝酸根濃度測定方式 115
附錄六矽酸鹽濃度測定方式 118
附錄七葉綠素a 121
附錄八鹼度 124
附錄九溶氧 128

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指導教授

劉康克(Kon-kee Liu)

審核日期

2014-8-11

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