Record of extreme events in marine sediments, offshore eastern Taiwan

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：64

、訪客IP：18.220.138.179

姓名

雷米(Remi Lehu) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

地球科學學系

論文名稱

(Record of extreme events in marine sediments, offshore eastern Taiwan)

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摘要(中)

台灣是世界上最活躍的年輕的山岳帶之一。自二十世紀初至今已有超過二十次的七級(Mw7)以上地震發生於此。然而就超過八級（Mw8）以上的大型地震問題仍存有爭議。在本課題中利用長期記錄為突破口去評價大地震的狀況。同時本課題也藉由近年來發展迅速的，通過研究重力沉積記錄為基礎的子水古地震學中相關理論去探討歷史長期地震活動情況。

本課題的第一個方向探討了台灣東部的沉積體系。理解沉積形態特徵，沉積相和研究海底斜坡的演化進程,同時注意近期內的沉積影響因素。它們對沉積體系分析尤為重要。我們的研究結果表明當地有許多不同的沉積體係正在形成，並對台灣東側岸外坡產生影響。同時濁流作為侵蝕作用的主要因素，佔據了當地沉積記錄的60%。濁流主要受到構造運動和氣候運動這兩個重要控制因素影響。當濁流和構造運動相結合，可導致地震晃動，並將形成內陸斜坡盆地。在氣候因素的影響下，濁流可能在盆地及內陸河域導致特大洪澇或颱風。

第二個方向應用古地震學中兩個時間軸上以濁積岩記錄為基礎的方法。首先我們通過測試並調整濁流沉積物和地震形成之間的對應關聯。一旦校准後我們將時間序列前調至最近的三次濁積岩層形成時間，分別為：公元2001+-3，公元1950+-5以及公元1928+-8。我們將地下加速度，震級，震源通過經驗關係相連，分別驗證了沉積岩和三個地震的聯繫：2013年12月10日成功地震（Mw6.8），1951年11月24日台東地震（Mw 7.1 ）以及1935年9月4日綠島地震(Mw 7.0）。年代測定以及年齡建模為過去的3000年提供了極端氣候事件年代表。通過對比不同觸發因素對濁流形成的影響，我們得出結論，地震是濁流形成的主要觸發機制。我們還猜測整體大陸邊緣與同步濁流事件共同作用，從而導致了公元前50年至公元600年間的8級大地震。這項研究為全新世極端事件重新排序做了良好開端。

摘要(英)

Taiwan is a young mountain belt, known as one of the most active area in the world. Since the beginning of the
20th century more than twenty Mw7 earthquakes have struck the island. However, the occurrence of larger
events (Mw8) is still a matter of debate. In this framework it is of key importance to obtain longer record
in order to evaluate the occurrence of large past earthquakes. The sub-aqueous paleoseismology, based on the
record of the sedimentary gravity deposits, appears as a serious alternative to approach this thematic and is a
rapidly advancing field that has the potential to illuminate the long-term history of seismicity.
The first part of this work was to investigate the present sedimentary systems off east Taiwan, essential to
understand the morphosedimentary features, sedimentary facies and processes governing the evolution of the
submarine slope, and the controlling factors of the recent sedimentation. Our results showed that the offshore
slope east Taiwan is affected by a variety of sedimentary systems and processes, and that turbidity currents
appear as the main erosional processes covering nearly 60% of the sedimentary record. Turbidity currents are
generated by distinct controlling factors such as tectonic and climatic activity that enabled us to define two
end-members relative to turbidity currents initiation: Turbidity currents preconditioned by tectonic activity and
triggered by earthquakes shaking and likely deposited into intra-slope basin and turbidity currents driven by
climatic activity such as extreme floods or typhoons, generated in basin directly connected with onland rivers.
The second part consisted to apply a paleoseismic approach, based on turbidites record, at two time-scales. First,
we tested and validated the method by correlating turbidites deposits with instrumental earthquakes. Then, once
calibrated we extended the time-series back in time. We dated the three most recent turbidites layers circa AD
2001 3, AD 1950 5 and AD 1928 8. Using empirical relationship that link peakground acceleration,
distance and magnitude to calibrate the seismic sources, we correlate these three turbidites with instrumental
earthquakes: the Chengkong Earthquake 12/10/2003 (Mw 6.8), the 11/24/1951 Taitung Earthquake (Mw 7.1)
and the 9/4/1935 Lutao Earthquake (Mw 7.0) respectively. Dating and age modeling provided a chronology of
extreme events since the last 3000 years. Applying criteria to discriminating the different triggering mechanisms
for turbidity current generation, we propose that earthquakes are the main triggering mechanisms. We also
estimate that synchronous turbidite events correlated over the whole margin were triggered by a Mw8 earthquake
between 50 BC and 600 AD. This work represents a good starting-point for future investigations in order to better
assess Holocene time series of extreme events.

關鍵字(中)

★ 台灣
★ 極端事件
★ 重力流
★ 濁積岩
★ 地震

關鍵字(英)

★ marine sediments
★ paleoseismology
★ sedimentary gravity deposits

論文目次

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research motivations and objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Aims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 An introduction to the geology of Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Generalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.3 Regional climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.4 Seismicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Thesis plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
I Sedimentary processes offshore eastern Taiwan 17
2 Background 19
2.1 Submarine sedimentary gravity processes and deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.1 Mass slide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.2 Gravity flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.2.1 Laminar flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.2.2 Turbulent flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.2.3 Evolution and transformation of gravity flows . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.3 Turbiditic systems architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.3.1 Canyons and gullies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.3.2 Channels-levees complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.1.3.3 Lobes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1.4 Controling factors of turbiditic systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.5 Initiation of turbidity currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Study area and coring strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3 Coring sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3 Deep-sea sedimentation offshore eastern Taiwan: facies and processes characterization
51
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2 Regional settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.1 Geological context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.2 Regional climate, drainage systems and sediment discharge . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.3 Submarine morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.2.4 Seismic activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3 Materials ans methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.1 Bathymetry, acoustic and seismic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.2 Cores material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4 Description of sedimentary features revealed by geophysical data . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.1 The southern sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
X CONTENTS
3.4.2 The central sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4.3 The northern sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.5 Characterization and classification of lithofacies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.5.1 End-members lithofacies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.5.2 Turbidites facies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.6 Discussion and conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.6.1 Erosional sedimentary processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.6.2 Control factor and sediment provenance of turbidity currents . . . . . . . 70
3.7 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
II Testing a paleoseismological approach offshore eastern Taiwan 89
4 Background 91
4.1 Turbidites deposits as a marker of paleoseismicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.2 Datings proxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.2.1 The last century sedimentation: 210Pb and 137Cs proxies . . . . . . . . . 96
4.2.2 Radiocarbon 14C: Dating, age calibration and reservoir age . . . . . . . . 99
5 Historical reconstruction of paleo-earthquakes using 210Pb, 137Cs and 241Am
turbidite chronology and radiocarbon reservoir age estimation off East Taiwan103
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.2 Setting and analytical methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.3 Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3.1 Identifying and dating turbidite layers in core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3.2 Linking turbidites and earthquakes events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.3.3 Modern reservoir age estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.5 Aknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6 2,700 years of seismicity recorded offshore eastern Taiwan by turbidites deposits
123
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.2 Regional settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.2.1 Geological and seismic context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.2.2 Sedimentology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.3 Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.3.1 Core site location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.3.2 Cores analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.3.3 Criteria for turbidites events identification and delimitation . . . . . . . . 131
6.3.4 Radiometric datings and age model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.3.5 Event’s terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.4 Turbidites identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.5 Chronostratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.6.1 Turbidites correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.6.2 From turbidites to earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
CONTENTS XI
6.6.3 Estimation of earthquake sources and magnitudes, and recurrence intervals 141
6.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.8 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
7 A ∼3,000 years-old super-event revealed by marine deposits east of Taiwan:
paleo- landslide, earthquake, tsunami or typhoon ? 163
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.2 Geological, oceanic and atmospheric setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.3 Core sampling strategy, data and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.3.1 Sampling strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.3.2 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.3.3 Core description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.3.4 Age model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.4.1 Age of shells vs age of sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.4.2 Possible origin of the anomalous deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.4.3 Hydro-dynamical tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.6 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Tsunami generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Propagation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Run-up height estimations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8 General conclusions 195
8.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.2 Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
8.3 Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Bibliography 205
Appendices 227
A Morphosedimentary facies map offshore east Taiwan 229
B Technical sheets 233
C Coring site KS06: Morphology and core analysis 241
D Coring sites KAS03/KR03: Morphology and core analysis 253
E Coring sites KS08/KS09: Morphology and core analysis 263
F
14C and 210Pb sampling 273
G The P-Sequence in OxCal 277

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指導教授

許樹坤(Shu-kun Hsu)

審核日期

2015-7-7

推文