石墨烯與碳系材料應用於鈉離子電池負極之性質研究

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羅旭峰(Xu-Feng Luo) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

石墨烯與碳系材料應用於鈉離子電池負極之性質研究
(Graphene and carbon-based materials as anodes for sodium-ion batteries)

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★ 活性碳粉之表面官能基及粒徑尺寸對超高電容特性的影響	★ 離子液體電解質於鈉離子電池之應用

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摘要(中)

本研究以Staudenmaier 法和熱還原法製備石墨烯粉體，並以簡易升溫速率調控方式創造孔洞形貌，以調整還原溫度改變官能基含量。將其應用於鈉離子電池之負極材料，於1 M 的NaClO4 有機電解液中測試其儲存鈉離子之電化學特性。首先探討還原溫度之影響：於1100 oC 下還原製備得之石墨烯 (HGNS-1100)，呈現僅147 mAh/g 之可逆電容值 (於0.03 A/g)。但300 oC 下還原製備得之石墨烯 (HGNS-300)於相同條件下可得到213mAh/g 的高可逆電容值。同時具有優異的高速充放電能力，於5、10 及20 A/g 之速率下可得104、83 及58 mAh/g 之電容值。這是由於含氧官能基能夠增加層間距和表面活性位置，藉此提升儲存鈉離子之容量。後續探討孔洞形貌之影響：HGNS-300 具有44.6%之高速電容維持率，於相同條件下GNS-300 (不具孔洞形貌) 僅38.6 %之維持率，顯示孔洞形貌有利縮短鈉離子擴散路徑，進一步優化高速維持率。循環壽命方面，HGNS-300 在100 圈充放電後，具有70 %的電容維持率。

為了進一步探討HGNS-300 優異電化學表現之原因，本研究以XPS 探討HGNS-300
電極於不同鈉化/去鈉化電位之表面性質變化，證實於2~0.4 V 之電位區間，鈉離子會儲存於表面活性位置，此活性位置主要來自於表面含氧官能基，其反應式為：>C=O + Na++ e- ↔ >C-O-Na。再經由同步輻射XRD 探討HGNS-300 電極不同鈉化/去鈉化電位之結構變化，可證實其鈉化過程中會於電位低於0.4 V 開始進行插層反應，將鈉離子儲存於碳層間。由於HGNS-300 兼具插層機制與表面氧化還原機制，因此於電容量及高速電容維持率皆有優異的表現。

摘要(英)

Holey reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is prepared by a Staudenmaier method, followed by a thermal reduction process. Amounts of functional groups on RGO can be controlled by the reduction temperature. In this study, electrochemical properties of the RGO electrodes are
tested in an ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate mixed electrolyte containing 1 M NaClO4. The RGO reduced at 1100 oC (HGNS-1100) with a low content of functional groups shows a reversible capacity of 147 mAh/g (at 0.03 A/g). However, the RGO reduced at 300 oC (HGNS-300; with a higher surface functional group amount) shows a clearly higher capacity
of 213 mAh/g at the same condition. With increasing the charge-discharge to 5, 10 and 20 A/g, a capacity of as high as 104, 83 and 58 mAh/g can be obtained, indicating an excellent rate capability. The functional groups may increase d-spacing and provide reaction sites for sodium ion storage, enhancing charge/discharge capacity. In addition, holey morphology can shorten the path of Na-ion diffusion, optimizing the rate capability. HGNS-300 shows the higher rate capability 44.6 %. GNS-300 (without holey morphology) only has 38.6 % at the same condition. It is also found that the RGO-300 electrode exhibits a capacity retention ratio of approximately 70 % after 100 cycles.

In order to study the reason of excellent electrochemical performance of HGNS-300, the methods of ex-situ XRD and ex-situ XPS are used to analyze the structure and surface properties change during charge/discharge process. It confirms that Na-ion will insert to carbon layers in the lower sodiation voltage (0.4~0.3 V). In the higher sodiation voltage 2~0.4 V, Na-ion will storage at surface active site from surface functional group. The reaction mechanism is “>C=O + Na+ + e- ↔ >C-O-Na”. Due to the two kinds of mechanism that mention in above paragraph, HGNS-300 can own both high capacity and excellent rate capability.

關鍵字(中)

★ 鈉離子電池
★ 負極材料
★ 石墨烯
★ 官能基
★ 孔洞形貌

關鍵字(英)

★ sodium-ion batteries
★ anode
★ holey graphene nanosheets
★ functional groups

論文目次

摘要 ............................................................................................................................................ I
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... II
致謝 ......................................................................................................................................... IV
總目錄 ..................................................................................................................................... VI
表目錄 ..................................................................................................................................... IX
圖目錄 ...................................................................................................................................... X
第一章緒論 .............................................................................................................................. 1
第二章研究背景與文獻回顧 .................................................................................................. 5
2-1 金屬離子電池 ............................................................................................................. 5
2-1-2 鋰離子電池 (Li-ion batteries；LIB) .............................................................. 5
2-1-2 鈉離子電池 (Na-ion batteries；NIB) ............................................................ 6
2-2 碳系負極材料 ............................................................................................................. 9
2-2-1 降低碳材結晶度 ............................................................................................. 9
2-2-2 官能基改質碳材 ............................................................................................ 10
2-2-3 奈米化碳材 ................................................................................................... 11
2-3 石墨烯概論 ............................................................................................................... 16
2-4 石墨烯材料特性對金屬離子儲存之影響 ............................................................... 18
2-4-1 石墨烯之層數 ............................................................................................... 18
2-4-2 孔洞形貌 ....................................................................................................... 18
2-4-3 官能基含量與種類 ....................................................................................... 19
2-5 RGO 電極於鈉離子電池之應用 .............................................................................. 24
第三章實驗方法與步驟 ........................................................................................................ 28
3-1 碳材料製備 ............................................................................................................... 28
3-1-1 石墨烯 (Reduced Graphene Oxide，RGO) ................................................. 28
3-1-2 石墨微片 (Graphite Nanoplatelets，GNP) .................................................. 28
3-1-3 多壁奈米碳管 (Multi-layers Carbon Nanotube，MWCNT) ...................... 28
3-1-4 硬碳 (Hard Carbon，HC)............................................................................. 29
3-1-4 活性碳 (Activated Carbon，AC) ................................................................. 29
3-2 材料特性鑑定 ............................................................................................................ 29
3-2-1 碳材形貌之分析 ........................................................................................... 29
3-2-2 碳材結晶結構分析 ....................................................................................... 29
3-2-3 石墨烯缺陷結構鑑定 ................................................................................... 30
3-2-4 碳材官能基鑑定 ........................................................................................... 30
3-2-5 石墨烯比表面積量測 ................................................................................... 30
3-3 電化學測試實驗步驟 ................................................................................................ 30
3-3-1 循環伏安法 (cyclic voltammetry，CV) ...................................................... 31
3-3-2 計時電位法 (chronopotentimetry，CP) ...................................................... 32
3-3-3 交流阻抗 (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy，EIS) ....................... 32
3-4 碳材料鈉化/去鈉化反應機構鑑定 ........................................................................... 32
第四章結果與討論 ................................................................................................................ 34
4-1 奈米碳材負極可行性探討 ........................................................................................ 34
4-1-1 表面形貌觀察 ................................................................................................ 34
4-1-2 材料結構分析 ................................................................................................ 34
4-1-3 電化學性質 .................................................................................................... 34
4-2 孔洞形貌和官能基對電化學性質之影響 ............................................................... 41
4-2-1 孔洞形貌觀察 ................................................................................................ 41
4-2-2 材料結構分析 ................................................................................................ 42
4-2-3 石墨烯缺陷鑑定 ............................................................................................ 42
4-2-4 官能基鑑定 .................................................................................................... 43
4-2-5 RGO 比表面積量測 ....................................................................................... 44
4-2-5 RGO 電極電化學特性 ................................................................................... 52
4-2-6 材料性質暨電化學表現統整 ....................................................................... 66
4-3 RGO 儲存鈉離子之反應機構探討 .......................................................................... 67
4-3-1 以XRD 鑑定結構變化 ................................................................................. 67
4-3-2 以XPS 鑑定表面性質變化 ........................................................................... 68
4-3-3 以電化學法鑑定反應機制 ............................................................................ 68
4-4 碳材結構於鈉離子儲存之影響 ............................................................................... 75
4-4-1 形貌觀察 ....................................................................................................... 75
4-4-2 材料結構分析 ............................................................................................... 75
4-4-3 含氧量鑑定 ................................................................................................... 75
4-4-4 材料比表面積 ................................................................................................ 76
4-4-5 電化學特性 .................................................................................................... 76
第五章結論 ............................................................................................................................ 89
參考文獻 ................................................................................................................................. 91

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指導教授

張仍奎(Jeng-Kuei Chang)

審核日期

2014-8-15

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