博碩士論文 101626007 詳細資訊




以作者查詢圖書館館藏 以作者查詢臺灣博碩士 以作者查詢全國書目 勘誤回報 、線上人數:5 、訪客IP:3.144.28.50
姓名 許適棋(Shih-Chi Hsu)  查詢紙本館藏   畢業系所 水文與海洋科學研究所
論文名稱 應用渦流相關法與權重渦流累積法計算地表通量
(Application of Eddy Covariance Method and Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Method on Estimating Surface Fluxes)
相關論文
★ 以禁忌演算法推估流域空間降雨★ 氣候變遷對台灣地區地表水文量之影響
★ 分散式降雨逕流模式之建立及暴雨時期流量之模擬★ 翡翠水庫集水區水文分析
★ 地表過程蒸發散之觀測與分析★ 桃園地區人工埤池對水資源輔助之分析研究
★ 地表過程質傳與熱傳數值模擬★ 桃園灌區之區域迴歸水分析研究
★ 地表通量觀測與分析★ 氣候變遷對水庫集水區入流量之衝擊評估-以石門水庫集水區為例
★ 應用通量變異法與渦流相關法推估地表通量★ 改良GWLF模式應用於翡翠水庫入流量模擬
★ 淡水河流域水文時空變異分析★ 應用土壤水分變化推估常綠闊葉林蒸發散量
★ 生地化反應數值模式 – BIOGEOCHEM 互動式圖形使用者介面的開發與應用★ 結合季長期天氣預報與水文模式推估石門水庫入流量
檔案 [Endnote RIS 格式]    [Bibtex 格式]    [相關文章]   [文章引用]   [完整記錄]   [館藏目錄]   [檢視]  [下載]
  1. 本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
  2. 已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
  3. 請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。

摘要(中) 本研究將高頻之三維超音波風速計、水氣與二氧化碳濃度資料,以渦流相關法(EC)與權重渦流累積法(REA)兩種通量觀測技術進行計算評估。目前公認最能準確估計通量的技術為渦流相關法,但由於所需儀器成本相對上較為昂貴,而權重渦流累積法雖然不需要高頻之氣體分析儀,但需要給定若干控制參數方可進行通量估算,且目前尚無商品化之完整觀測套件可供使用,但近年來在量溫室氣體通量的監測上已有越來越多之應用。本研究將EC所計算出的通量作為比較基準,探討REA中的滯區(deadband)與經驗係數(b)之變化特徵。
以台灣中部蓮華池試驗集水區2012年觀測的風速、溫度、水氣密度與二氧化碳濃度資料建立REA估算通量所需參數,再利用2013年的資料驗證這些參數在REA方法計算通量之適用性。在滯區的設定部分,採用兩個時間周期前之垂直風速標準差(σ_w)以及平均日變化趨勢σ_w與定值三種方法,根據2012年的分析發現當滯區為0.6~0.8倍垂直風速標準差時,b值最為穩定。接著依照實際所得滯區與垂直風速標準差之倍率,探討在不同紊流發展程度下b值大小或使用可感熱b值作為水氣與二氧化碳通量估算的b值之差異。並針對權重渦流累積法中的濃度差項進行資料挑選(水氣濃度差範圍介於-20至100(m-mole/m3),二氧化碳濃度差範圍介於-0.5至0.3(m-mole/m3)後可以得到良好的結果,最後將REA與EC所求得通量進行比較,在熱通量、水氣通量與二氧化碳通量的相關係數分別可達為0.98、0.88與0.90,本研究對於滯區與b值得分析可提供未來實際REA元件施測時之參考。
摘要(英) This study uses high resolution time series (10Hz) of wind components (u, v, w), sonic temperature (Ts), carbon dioxide (CO2), and vapor(H2O) density data to compute surface fluxes with application of Eddy Covariance method (EC) and Relaxed Eddy Accumulation method (REA). Eddy Covariance method is the most accurate method for measuring surface fluxes at the atmospheric boundary layer. However, the cost of fast response equipment required for EC measurement is very expensive for some trace gases. Recently, REA measurement, without the need of fast response equipment, is widely applied to measure greenhouse gas flux. Nevertheless, this method requires setting parameters before estimating, and has not yet been commercialized. This study takes flux es estimated by the EC method to discuss characteristics of empirical constant (b) and deadband (wd) required in REA techniques.
Observation data in 2012 was used to help determine the adequate deadband and empirical constant setting of REA with referenced fluxes estimated by EC. Observation data in 2013 was used to verify obtained REA parameter setting. Standard deviation of b is smaller with the deadband set as 0.6 to 0.8 times standard deviation of vertical wind speed. For vapor and carbon dioxide fluxes, using b value of sensible heat and eliminating data with vapor flux differences ranging between -20 and 100 m-mole/m3 or with carbon dioxide flux differences ranging between 0.05 and -0.2 m-mole/m3 can obtain good result. Comparing the surface flux calculated by Eddy Covariance method and Relaxed Eddy Accumulation method, the R-squared values are 0.98, 0.88, and 0.90 in sensible heat, vapor, and carbon dioxide fluxes, respectively. This study provides analysis of deadband and b value of great benefit to actual assembly of REA system in the future.
關鍵字(中) ★ 渦流相關法
★ 權重渦流累積法
★ 地表通量
關鍵字(英) ★ Eddy Covariance Method
★ Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Method
★ Surface Flux
論文目次 摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VIII
符號說明 IX
一、緒論 1
1-1  背景 1
1-2  研究目的 3
1-3  本文架構 4
二、文獻回顧 5
2-1  渦流相關法(Eddy Covariance Method, EC) 5
2-2  權重渦流累積法(Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Method, REA) 7
三、實驗場址與儀器 10
3-1  研究場址 10
3-2  儀器與資料 12
四、研究方法 15
4-1  渦流相關法(Eddy-Covariance Method,EC) 15
4-1-1 質量守恆 15
4-1-2 渦流相關法計算通量 18
4-1-3 渦流相關法計算可感熱通量 22
4-1-4 渦流相關法計算潛熱通量 22
4-1-5 渦流相關法計算二氧化碳通量 23
4-1-6 摩擦風速(Friction Velocity) 23
4-2  權重渦流累積法(Relaxed Eddy-Accumulation Method) 24
4-3  能量平衡 28
4-4  大氣穩定度 30
4-5  資料處理 32
4-5-1 消除訊號異常點與離群點 34
4-5-2 線性趨勢消除(detrended) 35
4-5-3 二次座標軸旋轉(Double coordinate rotation) 36
4-5-4 密度修正(WPL Correction) 38
五、結果與討論 39
5-1  渦流相關法修正之影響 40
5-2  渦流相關法計算能量閉合度 41
5-3  b0值與大氣條件的關係 43
5-4  滯區對於b0值的效應 50
5-5  應用b值與滯區模擬實際權重渦流累積法觀測 54
5-6  不同時間窗區對通量估計的影響 64
六、結論與建議 67
6-1  結論 67
6-2  建議 69
參考文獻 70
參考文獻 Ammann1 C. and Meixner F. X. , “Stability dependence of the relaxed eddy accumulation coefficient for various scalar quantities”, Journal of Geophysical research, Vol. 107, NO. D8, 4071, 10.1029/2001JD000649, 2002.

Businger, J. A. and Oncley, S. P, "Flux Measurement with Conditional Sampling.", J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech. 7, 349-352, 1990

Fan SM, Wofsy S C, Bakwin P S, JacobDavid D J. Fitzjarrald R., “Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2 and O3 in the central Amazon forest”, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, 16 851-16 864, 1990.

Foken, T. and B. Wichura, “Tools for quality assessment of surface-base flux measurement”, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 78, 83-105, 1996.

Anca Gaman, Üllar Rannik, Pasi Aalto, Toivo Pohja, Erkki Siivola, Markku Kulmala, Timo Vesala., “Relaxed Eddy Accumulation System for Size-Resolved Aerosol Particle Flux Measurements”, American Meteorological Society, 933-943, 2004

Geissbuhler, P. and R. Siegwolf., “Eddy covariance measurements on mountain slopes: The advantage of surface-normal sensor orientation over a vertical set-up”, Boundary Layer Meteorology, 96, 371–392, 2000.

Hicks, B. B., R. T. McMillen, "A Simulation of the Eddy Accumulation Method for Measuring Pollutant Fluxes." J. Climate Appl. Meteor., Vol. 23, 637–643.1984

Wilczak, J.M., Oncley, S.P., Stage, S.A., “Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms”, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 99, 127-150, 2001

Kerr, J. P., Thurtell G. W., Tanner C. B., "An Integrating Pyranometer for Climatological Observer Stations and Mesoscale Networks.", J. Appl. Meteor., Vol. 6, 688-694, 1967
Le Quéré, C., R. J. Andres, T. Boden, T. Conway, R. A. Houghton, J. I. House, G. Marland, G. P. Peters, G. R. van der Werf, A. Ahlström, R. M. Andrew, L. Bopp, J. G. Canadell, P. Ciais, S. C. Doney, P. Friedlingstein, C. Huntingford, A. K. Jain, C. Jourdain, E. Kato, R. Keeling, K. Klein Goldewijk, S. Levis, P. Levy, M. Lomas, B. Poulter, M. Raupach, J. Schwinger, S. Sitch, B. D. Stocker, N. Viovy, S. Zaehle and N. Zeng, “Global Carbon Budget 2013”, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, Discuss., 6, 689-760, 2013.

Masahito Ueyama, Ken Hamotani, Wataru Nishimura, Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Nobuko Saigusa, Reiko Ide, “Continuous measurement of methane flux over a larch forest using a relaxed eddy accumulation method”, Theor Appl Climatol, 461-472, 2012.

Monin, A.S.; Obukhov, A.M., "Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere.". Tr. Akad. Nauk SSSR Geofiz. Inst 24: 163–187., 1954
Pattey E., DDesjardins R. L. and Rochette P., ”Accuracy of the relaxed eddy-accumulation technique, evaluated using CO2 flux measurements”, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 66, 341-355, 1993.

R. B. Stull, An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, xiii + 666 pp, Dordrecht, Boston, London, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988

Taubenheim, J., “Statistische Auswertung geophysikalischer and meteorologischer Daten”, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest & Portig, Leipzig, 386, 1968.

Tiia Grönholm, Sami Haapanala, Samuli Launiainen, Janne Rinne, Timo Vesala, Üllar Rannik, “The dependence of the b coefficient of REA system with dynamic deadband on atmospheric conditions”, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 152, 597-603, 2008.

Tsai J.L., Tsuang B.J., KuoP.H., Tu C.Y., Chen C.L., Hsueh M.T., Lee C.S., Yao M.H., Hsueh M.L., “Evaluation of the relaxed eddy accumulation coefficient at various wetland ecosystems”, Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 60, 336-347, 2012.
Valentini R., Scarascia mugnozza g. E., angels p. De and Bimbi R., “An experimental test of the eddy correlation technique over a Mediterranean macchia canopy”, cell and Environment, Vol. 14, 987-994, 1991.

Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R., "Correction of Flux Measurements for Density Effects Due to Heat and Water Vapour Transfer", Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 106, 85–100. 1980

Wesely M L, Cook D R, Hart R L, “Fluxes of gases and particles above a deciduous forest in wintertime”, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 99, 237-225, 1983.

Wilson, K. B., A. Goldstein, E. Falge, M. Aubinet, D. Baldocchi, C. Berbigier, C. Bernhofer, R. Ceulemans, H. Dolman, C. Field, A. Grelle, A. Law. B. E. Ibrom, A. Kowalski, T. Meyers, J. Moncrieff, R. Monson, W. Oechel, J. Tenhunen, R. Valentini, S. Verma, “ Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites ”, Agricultural and forest meteorology, 113, 223-243, 2002.

Winbank, W. C., ”The measurement of vertical transfer of heat and water vapor by eddies in the lower atmosphere”, J. Meteor., 8, 135–145, 1951

Zurich, On the Applicability of Relaxed Eddy Accumulation and Common Methods for Measuring Trace Gas Surface Fluxes, CHRISTOF AMMANN dipl. Natw. ETH, citizen of kirchberg, 1998.

于貴瑞、孫曉敏、牛棟、王紹強、王秋風、伏玉玲、劉新安、任傳友、米娜、李正泉、李慶康、何洪林、宋霞、張雷明、趙風華、高魯鵬、溫學發,陸地生態系統通量觀測的原理與方法,高等教育出版社,北京,2006。

邱奕霖, 「地表過程蒸發散之觀測與分析」, 國立中央大學水文科學研究所碩士論文,2005。

袁一夫, 「應用通量變異法與渦流相關法推估地表通量」, 國立中央大學水文科學研究所碩士論文,2008。

張雁婷, 「應用土壤水分變化推估常綠闊葉林蒸發散量」,國立中央大學水文科學研究所碩士論文, 2010。
陳奕穎, 「應用渦流相關法探討地表水氣通量與熱通量之特徵:以亞熱帶季節性常綠闊葉林為例」,國立中央大學水文科學研究所博士論文,2012。

陸象豫、黃良鑫、黃惠雪,2008,「1997~2007 林業試驗所蓮華池研究中心氣象資料彙整」,行政院農業委員會林業試驗所,林業叢刊第183 號。
黃裕星, 蓮華池亞熱帶常綠闊葉森林動態樣區:樹種特徵及其分布模式,林業試驗所,台北市,2012。

葛錦昭、楊炳炎、林淵霖、楊楚淇、漆陛忠,台灣森林集水區經營詴驗初步報告,林業詴驗所詴驗報告第304號,50頁,民國六十七年。

魏谷州, 「地表通量觀測與分析」, 國立中央大學水文科學研究所碩士論文, 2007。
指導教授 李明旭(Ming-Hsu Li) 審核日期 2014-8-26
推文 facebook   plurk   twitter   funp   google   live   udn   HD   myshare   reddit   netvibes   friend   youpush   delicious   baidu   
網路書籤 Google bookmarks   del.icio.us   hemidemi   myshare   

若有論文相關問題,請聯絡國立中央大學圖書館推廣服務組 TEL:(03)422-7151轉57407,或E-mail聯絡  - 隱私權政策聲明