利用基質固相分散萃取法檢測室內灰塵中的短鏈氯化石蠟

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：18

、訪客IP：13.58.112.1

姓名

陳宥璇(Yu-Hsuan Chen) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

化學學系

論文名稱

利用基質固相分散萃取法檢測室內灰塵中的短鏈氯化石蠟

相關論文

★ 以質譜技術探討非共價鍵結蛋白質聚合物之結構	★ 以液相層析質譜儀檢測水樣與生物檢體中全氟界面活性劑之濃度
★ 利用液相層析串聯質譜技術檢測水環境中藥物殘留物之方法開發與應用	★ 直鏈式烷基苯基二甲基銨鹽類陽離子型界面活性劑在水環境中微量檢測方法的研究
★ 芳香族磺酸鹽類有機污染物在水環境中的分析與研究	★ 以固相萃取及氣相層析質譜儀對水環境中壬基苯酚類持久性有機污染物之分析與研究
★ 以固相萃取法及氣相層析質譜儀對水環境中動情激素類有機污染物之分析與研究	★ 利用熱裂解直接高溫衍生化法快速分析直鏈式烷基三甲基銨鹽之方法建立與探討
★ 利用感應偶合電漿質譜儀檢測半導體製程用化學品中微量金屬不純物之分析研究	★ 應用毛細管電泳間接偵測方法分離四級銨鹽界面活性劑
★ 利用毛細管電泳結合線上濃縮方法分離奈磺酸鹽之機制探討	★ 快速分析水環境中醫療藥品殘留物之研究與探討
★ 以毛細管電泳法與電灑游離質譜法探討內包錯合物之研究	★ 以氣相及液相層析質譜儀分析具荷爾蒙效應物質之方法開發
★ 以離子配對高效液相層析儀檢測螢光增白劑在不同基質中之研究	★ 以氣相層析質譜儀檢測具荷爾蒙效應添加劑之方法開發與研究

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

短鏈氯化石蠟 (Short chain chlorinated paraffins, SCCPs) 由碳數為10-13的直鏈多氯化烷烴 (Polychlorinated alkanes, PCAs) 所組成，含氯量在30-72%之間。短鏈氯化石蠟自從1930年以來，因其具有價格低廉、揮發性低、絕緣性和阻燃性良好的特性，多用於金屬切削液 (Metal cutting fluid)、橡膠的阻燃劑 (Flame retardant) 以及油漆與紡織品中的阻燃劑和塑化劑 (Plasticizer) 等。短鏈氯化石蠟具有持久性、生物累積性及透過大氣進行遠距離遷移的能力，斯德哥爾摩公約 (Stockholm convention) 目前也擬將短鏈氯化石蠟增列為優先控制之持久性有機物染物 (Persistent organic pollutants, POPs)。因此開發一套簡單且穩固的方法來檢測環境中的短鏈氯化石蠟是非常重要的。
本研究使用基質固相分散萃取法 (Matrix solid-phase dispersion, MSPD) 作為樣品前處理方法，並搭配氣相層析電子捕捉負離子質譜儀 (GC/ECNI-MS)，快速且有效檢測灰塵中的短鏈氯化石蠟。
基質固相分散萃取法最佳化條件為取0.1 g灰塵與0.1 g的矽膠置於震盪器中均勻混合，再將其置入含有3.0 g酸性矽膠 (44% H2SO4) 、2.0 g鹼性矽膠 (33% NaOH) 及2.0 g中性矽膠 (3% H2O) 的玻璃管柱中，並依序使用7 mL正己烷及7 mL正己烷:二氯甲烷= 2:1 (v:v) 進行沖提 (不收集)，接著加入5 mL正己烷:二氯甲烷= 2:1 進行沖提並收集，將萃取液旋濃乾燥，再以內標準品回溶至10 μL，取1 μL進樣GC/ECNI-MS進行檢測分析。偵測極限為0.2 μg/g；Inter-days及Intra-day的測試所得相對標準偏差 (RSDs) 皆小於5 %，顯示本方法具有良好的穩定性與再現性。在國內室內灰塵中所測得的短鏈氯化石蠟濃度為1.2至31 μg/g。

摘要(英)

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes with carbon chain lengths from 10 to 13 and a chlorination degree between 30% and 72% by weight. Because of their low price, low volatility, good insulation and flame resistance properties, SCCPs have been used for metal cutting fluids, plasticisers and flame retardants since 1930. SCCPs are persistent, bioaccumulation and potential for long-range transport. Owing to that, they were under reviewed by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Therefore, it is important to develop a simple and robust method to monitor SCCPs in the environment.
In this study, vortex-homogenization matrix solid-phase dispersant (VHMSPD) coupled with gas chromatography electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS) was developed and used to determine SCCPs in indoor dust samples. The optimized procedure of VHMSPD were 0.1 g dust dispersing with 0.1 g silica gel by a vigorous shaking to obtain a homogenous mixture. The mixture was transferred to a glass column packing with 3.0 g acidic silica gel (44% H2SO4) plus 2.0 g basic silica gel (33% NaOH) and 2.0 g of silica (3% H2O) gel, then the target analytes were eluted with last 5 mL of the mixture of n-hexane and dichloromethane (2:1, v:v). After rotary evaporation to dryness, the residue was redissolved in 10 μL of acetone containing internal standard and 1 μL sample was injected into GC/ECNI-MS for analysis.
The limit of detection (LOD) for SCCPs in indoor dust samples were determined to be 0.2 μg/g. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of inter-days and intraday tests were lower than 5%, and the SCCPs levels in indoor dust samples ranged from 1.2 to 31 μg/g.

關鍵字(中)

★ 短鏈氯化石蠟
★ 基質固相分散萃取法
★ 氣相層析電子捕捉負離子質譜儀

關鍵字(英)

★ SCCPs
★ MSPD
★ GC/ECNI/MS

論文目次

摘要 I
Abstract III
謝誌 V
目錄 VI
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XII

第一章前言 1
1-1研究緣起 1
1-2研究目標 3

第二章文獻回顧 5
2-1室內灰塵 5
2-2氯化石蠟 7
2-2-1 性質 7
2-2-2 毒性研究 9
2-2-3 產量與規範 10
2-2-4 用途 11
2-2-5 環境影響 12
2-3 國內外相關研究 15
2-4 氣相層析質譜儀 23
2-4-1 四級矩質譜儀 25
2-4-2 電子捕捉負離子游離法 27
2-4-3 選擇離子偵測模式 29
2-5 基質固相分散萃取法 30
2-5-1 前言 30
2-5-2 原理 31
2-5-3萃取流程 32
2-5-4 影響因素 34
2-6 線性回歸 36
2-6-1 Mandel Test 36
2-6-2 The lack-of-fit test by ANOVA 38
2-7 基質效應 40

第三章實驗步驟與樣品分析 43
3-1實驗藥品與設備 43
3-1-1 實驗藥品 43
3-1-2 儀器設備 45
3-2 實驗步驟 47
3-2-1 標準品配製 47
3-2-2 氣相層析質譜儀的參數設定 48
3-2-3 空白灰塵的前處理 50
3-2-4 樣品添加的步驟 50
3-2-5基質固相分散萃取法實驗步驟 51
3-3 灰塵採集 53

第四章結果與討論 55
4-1 氣相層析質譜儀對短鏈氯化石蠟的測定 55
4-1-1 短鏈氯化石蠟的分析 55
4-1-2 短鏈氯化石蠟的定性與定量 59
4-1-3 檢量線與偵測極限 59
4-2 震盪 (Vortex) 與研磨的比較 61
4-3 基質固相分散萃取法之最佳化探討 62
4-3-1 分散劑種類探討 63
4-3-2 吸附劑種類探討 64
4-3-3 萃取溶劑種類探討 65
4-3-4 分散劑添加量探討 66
4-3-5 酸性矽膠添加量探討 67
4-3-6 中性與鹼性矽膠添加量探討 68
4-3-7 萃取溶劑比例探討 69
4-3-8 萃取溶劑體積探討 70
4-3-9 基質固相分散萃取法之最佳化結果 72
4-4 線性方程式的適用性 73
4-4-1 Mandel Test 73
4-4-2 The lack-of-fit test by ANOVA 74
4-5 真實樣品的檢測 75
4-5-1 室內灰塵樣品檢測結果 75
4-5-2 檢測結果比較 86
4-5-3 基質效應 88
4-5-4 方法的精密度及準確性 89

第五章結論 91

第六章參考文獻 93

附錄 111

參考文獻

 台灣質譜學會，質譜分析技術原理與應用，2015
 行政院環保署環境檢驗所，環境分析評論，2012，第六期
 Alaee, M., An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environment International 2003, 29 (6), 683-689.
 Barker, S. A., Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD). Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 2007, 70 (2), 151-162.
 Barker, S. A., Matrix solid-phase dispersion. Journal of Chromatography A 2000, 885 (1), 115-127.
 Barker, S. A.; Long, A. R.; Short, C. R., Isolation of drug residues from tissues by solid phase dispersion. Journal of Chromatography A 1989, 475 (2), 353-361.
 Bayen, S.; Obbard, J. P.; Thomas, G. O., Chlorinated paraffins: A review of analysis and environmental occurrence. Environment International 2006, 32 (7), 915-929.
 Bezchlebova, J.; Černohlávková, J.; Kobetičová, K.; Lana, J.; Sochová, I.; Hofman, J., Effects of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on soil organisms. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2007, 67(2), 206-211.
 Björklund J.A.; Thuresson K.; De, W. C. A., Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in indoor dust concentrations, human exposure estimates, and sources. Environmental Science & Technology 2009, 43 (7), 2276-2281.
 Bogdal, C.; Alsberg, T.; Diefenbacher, P. S.; MacLeod, M.; Berger, U., Fast quantification of chlorinated paraffins in environmental samples by direct injection high-resolution mass spectrometry with pattern deconvolution. Analytical Chemistry 2015, 87 (5), 2852-2860.
 Boreen, A. R.; Schlabach, M.; Gundersen, H., Polychlorinated alkanes in arctic air. Organohalogen Compounds 2000, 47, 272-275.
 Boreen, A. R.; Schlabach, M.; Mariussen, E., Screening of chlorinated paraffins in Norway. Organohalogen Compounds 2003, 60, 331-334.
 Bucher, J. R.; Alison, R. H.; Montgomery, C. A.; Huff, J.; Haseman,
J. K.; Farnell, D.; Thompson, R.; Prejean, J. D., Comparative toxicity
and carcinogenicity of two chlorinated paraffins in F344/N rats and
B6C3F1 mice. Toxicological Sciences 1987, 9 (3), 454-468.
 Capriotti, A. L.; Cavaliere, C.; Giansanti, P.; Gubbiotti, R.; Samperi, R.; Laganà, A., Recent developments in matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction. Journal of Chromatography A 2010, 1217 (16), 2521-2532.
 Castells, P.; Santos, F.; Galceran, M., Solid-phase extraction versus solid-phase microextraction for the determination of chlorinated paraffins in water using gas chromatography–negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 2004a, 1025 (2), 157-162.
 Castells, P.; Santos, F. J.; Galceran, M. T., Solid-phase extraction versus solid-phase microextraction for the determination of chlorinated paraffins in water using gas chromatography - negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 2004b, 1025 (2), 157-162.
 Chaemfa, C.; Xu, Y.; Li, J.; Chakraborty, P.; Syed, J. H.; Malik, R. N.; Wang, Y.; Tian, C. G.; Zhang, G.; Jones, K. C., Screening of atmospheric short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in India and Pakistan using polyurethane foam based passive air sampler. Environmental Science & Technology 2014, 48 (9), 4799-4808.
 Chang, C.-Y.; Chung, W.-H.; Ding, W.-H., Vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for the rapid screening of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in water. Journal of Separation Science 2016, 39 (2), 427-432.
 Chen, M. Y.; Luo, X. J.; Zhang, X. L.; He, M. J.; Chen, S. J.; Mi, B. X., Chlorinated paraffins in sediments from the Pearl River Delta, south China: Spatial and temporal distributions and implication for processes. Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 45 (23), 9936-9943.
 Coelhan, M., Levels of chlorinated paraffins in water. Clean-Soil Air Water 2010, 38 (5-6), 452-456.
 Coelhan, M., Determination of short-chain polychlorinated paraffins
in fish samples by short-column GC/ECNI-MS. Analytical Chemistry
1999, 71, 4498-4405
 Cooley, H. M.; Fisk, A. T.; Wiens, S. C.; Tomy, G. T.; Evans, R. E.; Muir, D. C. G., Examination of the behavior and liver and thyroid histology of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to high dietary concentrations of C-10-, C-11-, C-12- and C-14-polychlorinated n-alkanes. Aquatic Toxicology 2001, 54 (1-2), 81-99.
 Corsolini, S.; Kannan, K.; Imagawa, T.; Focardi, S.; Giesy, J. P., Polychloronaphthalenes and other dioxin-like compounds in Arctic and Antarctic marine food webs. Environmental Science & Technology 2002, 36 (16), 3490-3496.
 Diefenbacher, P. S.; Bogdal, C.; Gerecke, A. C.; Gluge, J.; Schmid, P.; Scheringer, M.; Hungerbuhler, K., Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Zurich, Switzerland-atmospheric concentrations and emissions. Environmental Science & Technology 2015, 49 (16), 9778-9786.
 Environment Canada, Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCP)
substance dossier (final draft Ⅱ). Prepared for UNECE ad hoc
expert group on POPs, 2003
 European union risk assessment report, alkanes, C10-13, chloro.
CAS-No.: 85535-84-8, 1999
 Feo, M. L.; Eljarrat, E.; Barceló, D.; Barceló, D., Occurrence, fate and analysis of polychlorinated n-alkanes in the environment. TrAC, Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2009, 28 (6), 778-791.
 Fisk, A. T.; Cymbalisty, C. D.; Tomy, G. T.; Muir, D. C. G., Dietary accumulation and depuration of individual C-10-, C-11- and C-14-polychlorinated alkanes by juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquatic Toxicology 1998a, 43 (2-3), 209-221.
 Fisk, A. T.; Tomy, G. T.; Cymbalisty, C. D.; Muir, D. C. G., Dietary accumulation and quantitative structure-activity relationships for depuration and biotransformation of short (C-10), medium (C-14), and long (C-18) carbon-chain polychlorinated alkanes by juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2000, 19 (6), 1508-1516.
 Fisk, A. T.; Tomy, G. T.; Muir, D. C., Toxicity of C10−, C11−, C12−, and C14− polychlorinated alkanes to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1999, 18 (12), 2894-2902.
 Fisk, A. T.; Wiens, S. C.; Webster, G. R. B.; Bergman, Å.; Muir, D. C. G., Accumulation and depuration of sediment-sorbed C12- and C16-polychlorinated alkanes by oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1998b, 17 (10), 2019-2026.
 Friden, U. E.; McLachlan, M. S.; Berger, U., Chlorinated paraffins in indoor air and dust: Concentrations, congener patterns, and human exposure. Environment International 2011, 37 (7), 1169-1174.
 Gandolfi, F.; Malleret, L.; Sergent, M.; Doumenq, P., Parameters optimization using experimental design for headspace solid phase micro-extraction analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in waters under the European water framework directive. Journal of Chromatography A 2015, 1406, 59-67.
 Gao, W.; Wu, J.; Wang, Y. W.; Jiang, G. B., Distribution and congener profiles of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in indoor/outdoor glass window surface films and their film-air partitioning in Beijing, China. Chemosphere 2016, 144, 1327-1333.
 Gao, Y.; Zhang, H.; Chen, J.; Zhang, Q.; Tian, Y.; Qi, P.; Yu, Z., Optimized cleanup method for the determination of short chain polychlorinated n-alkanes in sediments by high resolution gas chromatography/electron capture negative ion-low resolution mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 2011, 703 (2), 187-193.
 Geiss, S.; Loffler, D.; Korner, B.; Engelke, M.; Sawal, G.; Bachhausen, P., Determination of the sum of short chain chlorinated n-alkanes with a chlorine content between 50% and 67% in sediment samples by GC-ECNI-MS and quantification by multiple linear regression. Microchemical Journal 2015, 119, 30-39.
 Geng, N.; Zhang, H.; Xing, L.; Gao, Y.; Zhang, B.; Wang, F.; Ren, X.; Chen, J., Toxicokinetics of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Sprague-Dawley rats following single oral administration. Chemosphere 2016, 145, 106-111.
 Halse, A. K.; Schlabach, M.; Schuster, J. K.; Jones, K. C.; Steinnes, E.; Breivik, K., Endosulfan, pentachlorobenzene and short-chain chlorinated paraffins in background soils from Western Europe. Environmental Pollution 2015, 196, 21-28.
 Hilger, B.; Fromme, H.; Volkel, W.; Coelhan, M., Occurrence of chlorinated paraffins in house dust samples from Bavaria, Germany. Environmental Pollution 2013, 175, 16-21.
 Houde, M.; Muir, D. C. G.; Tomy, G. T.; Whittle, D. M.; Teixeira, C.; Moore, S., Bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in food webs from Lake Ontario and Lake Michigan. Environmental Science & Technology 2008, 42 (10), 3893-3899.
 Iino, F.; Takasuga, T.; Senthilkumar, K.; Nakamura, N.; Nakanishi, J., Risk assessment of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Japan based on the first market basket study and species sensitivity distributions. Environmental Science & Technology 2005, 39 (3), 859-866.
 Iozza, S.; Muller, C. E.; Schmid, P.; Bogdal, C.; Oehme, M., Historical profiles of chlorinated paraffins and polychlorinated biphenyls in a dated sediment core from Lake Thun (Switzerland). Environmental Science & Technology 2008, 42 (4), 1045-1050.
 Kelly, B. C.; Ikonomou, M. G.; Blair, J. D.; Morin, A. E.; Gobas, F. A., Food web–specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants. Science 2007, 317 (5835), 236-239.
 Koh, I. O.; Thiemann, W., Study of photochemical oxidation of standard chlorinated paraffins and identification of degradation products. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2001, 139 (2-3), 205-215.
 Kristenson, E. M.; Udo, A. T.; Ramos, L., Recent advances in matrix solid-phase dispersion. TrAC, Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2006, 25 (2), 96-111.
 Lankova, D.; Svarcova, A.; Kalachova, K.; Lacina, O.; Pulkrabova, J.; Hajslova, J., Multi-analyte method for the analysis of various organohalogen compounds in house dust. Analytica Chimica Acta 2015, 854, 61-69.
 Lehmler, H. J., Synthesis of environmentally relevant fluorinated surfactants--a review. Chemosphere 2005, 58 (11), 1471-1496.
 Lewis, R. G.; Fortune, C. R.; Willis, R. D.; Camann, D. E.; Antley, J. T., Distribution of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust as a function of particle size. Environmental Health Perspectives 1999, 107 (9), 721-726.
 Luo, X. J.; Sun, Y. X.; Wu, J. P.; Chen, S. J.; Mai, B. X., Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in terrestrial bird species inhabiting an e-waste recycling site in South China. Environmental Pollution 2015, 198, 41-46.
 Ma, X. D.; Zhang, H. J.; Wang, Z.; Yao, Z. W.; Chen, J. W.; Chen, J. P., Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of short chain chlorinated paraffins in a marine food web from Liaodong Bay, North China. Environmental Science & Technology 2014a, 48 (10), 5964-5971.
 Ma, X. D.; Zhang, H. J.; Zhou, H. Q.; Na, G. S.; Wang, Z.; Chen, C.; Chen, J. W.; Chen, J. P., Occurrence and gas/particle partitioning of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in the atmosphere of Fildes Peninsula of Antarctica. Atmospheric Environment 2014b, 90, 10-15.
 Madeley, J. R.; Birtley, R. D. N., Chlorinated paraffins and the environment. 2. Aquatic and avian toxicology. Environmental Science & Technology 1980, 14 (10), 1215-1221.
 Maertens, R. M.; Bailey, J.; White, P. A., The mutagenic hazards of settled house dust: A review. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 2004, 567 (2), 401-425.
 Marvin, C. H.; Painter, S.; Tomy, G. T.; Stern, G. A.; Braekevelt, E.; Muir, D. C. G., Spatial and temporal trends in short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Lake Ontario sediments. Environmental Science & Technology 2003, 37 (20), 4561-4568.
 Morales, L.; Martrat, M. G.; Olmos, J.; Parera, J.; Vicente, J.; Bertolero, A.; Abalos, M.; Lacorte, S.; Santos, F. J.; Abad, E., Persistent organic pollutants in gull eggs of two species (Larus michahellis and Larus audouinii) from the Ebro delta Natural Park. Chemosphere 2012, 88 (11), 1306-1316.
 Morawska, L.; He, C.; Hitchins, J.; Gilbert, D.; Parappukkaran, S., The relationship between indoor and outdoor airborne particles in the residential environment. Atmospheric Environment 2001, 35 (20), 3463-3473.
 Muir,D. C. G., The handbook of environmental chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2010, 244.
 Nost, T. H.; Halse, A. K.; Randall, S.; Borgen, A. R.; Schlabach, M.; Paul, A.; Rahman, A.; Breivik, K., High concentrations of organic contaminants in air from ship breaking activities in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Environmental Science & Technology 2015, 49 (19), 11372-11380.
 Parera, J.; Abalos, M.; Santos, F. J.; Galceran, M. T.; Abad, E., Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, paraffins and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in marine fish species from Ebro River Delta (Spain). Chemosphere 2013, 93 (3), 499-505.
 Pensado, L.; Casais, M.; Mejuto, M.; Cela, R., Application of matrix solid-phase dispersion in the analysis of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish samples. Journal of Chromatography A 2005, 1077 (2), 103-109.
 Reth, M.; Ciric, A.; Christensen, G. N.; Heimstad, E. S.; Oehme, M., Short-and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in biota from the European Arctic—differences in homologue group patterns. Science of the Total Environment 2006, 367 (1), 252-260.
 Rudel, R. A.; Camann, D. E.; Spengler, J. D.; Korn, L. R.; Brody, J. G., Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. Environmental Science & Technology 2003, 37 (20), 4543-4553.
 Saborido Basconcillo, L.; Backus, S. M.; McGoldrick, D. J.; Zaruk, D.; Sverko, E.; Muir, D. C., Current status of short- and medium chain polychlorinated n-alkanes in top predatory fish across Canada. Chemosphere 2015, 127, 93-100.
 Sigma-Aldrich,Dioxin and PCB analysis, 2007 http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Supelco/General_Information/dioxin-brochure
 Soto, A. M.; Justicia, H.; Wray, J. W.; Sonnenschein, C., Para-nonyl-phenol - an estrogenic xenobiotic released from modified polystyrene. Environmental Health Perspectives 1991, 92, 167-173.
 Sun, R.; Luo, X.; Tang, B.; Li, Z.; Huang, L.; Wang, T.; Mai, B., Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in marine organisms from the Pearl River Estuary in south China: Residue levels and interspecies differences. Science of the Total Environment 2016, 553, 196-203.
 Thomas, G. O.; Farrar, D.; Braekevelt, E.; Stern, G.; Kalantzi, O. I.; Martin, F. L.; Jones, K. C., Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in UK human milk fat. Environment International 2006, 32 (1), 34-40.
 Thompson, R. S.; Noble, H. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins-(C10-13, 65% chlorinated): Aerobic and anaerobic transformation inmarine and freshwater sediment systems. In Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Report No BL8405/B; Astra Zeneca UK Limited, September 2007.
 Tomy, G. T.; Muir, D. C. G.; Stern, G. A.; Westmore, J. B., Levels of C10−C13 polychloro-n-alkanes in marine mammals from the Arctic and the St. Lawrence River Estuary. Environmental Science & Technology 2000, 34 (9), 1615-1619.
 Tomy, G. T.; Stern, G. A.; Muir, D. C.; Fisk, A. T.; Cymbalisty, C. D.; Westmore, J. B., Quantifying C10-C13 polychloroalkanes in environmental samples by high-resolution gas chromatography/electron capture negative ion high-resolution mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 1997, 69 (14), 2762-2771.
 Tran, T. M.; Minh, T. B.; Kumosani, T. A.; Kannan, K., Occurrence of phthalate diesters (phthalates), p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and their derivatives in indoor dust from Vietnam: Implications for exposure. Chemosphere 2016, 144, 1553-1559.
 Ueberschär, K.H.; Dänicke, S.; Matthes, S., Dose–response feeding
study of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in laying hens:
Effects on laying performance and tissue distribution, accumulation
and elimination kinetics. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 2007, 51 (2), 248-254.
 Villaverde-de-Sáa, E.; Valls-Cantenys, C.; Quintana, J. B.; Rodil, R.; Cela, R., Matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of fifteen halogenated flame retardants in mollusks. Journal of Chromatography A 2013, 1300, 85-94.
 Wang, T.; Yu, J. C.; Han, S. L.; Wang, Y. W.; Jiang, G. B., Levels of short chain chlorinated paraffins in pine needles and bark and their vegetation-air partitioning in urban areas. Environmental Pollution 2015, 196, 309-312.
 Wang, X. T.; Wang, X. K.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, L.; Sun, Y. F.; Li, M.; Wu, M. H., Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in urban soils of Shanghai: Spatial distribution, homologue group patterns and ecological risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment 2014, 490, 144-152.
 Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Cheng, Z. N.; Li, Q. L.; Pan, X. H.; Zhang, R. J.; Liu, D.; Luo, C. L.; Liu, X.; Katsoyiannis, A.; Zhang, G., Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in air and soil of subtropical terrestrial environment in the Pearl River Delta, south China: Distribution, composition, atmospheric deposition fluxes, and environmental fate. Environmental Science & Technology 2013, 47 (6), 2679-2687.
 Warnasuriya, G. D.; Elcombe, B. M.; Foster, J. R.; Elcombe, C. R., A Mechanism for the induction of renal tumours in male Fischer 344 rats by short-chain chlorinated paraffins. Archives of Toxicology 2010, 84 (3), 233-243.
 Wyatt, I.; Coutts, C. T.; Elcombe, C. R., The effect of chlorinated paraffins on hepatic enzymes and thyroid hormones. Toxicology 1993, 77 (1-2), 81-90.
 Yuan, B.; Wang, T.; Zhu, N. L.; Zhang, K. G.; Zeng, L. X.; Fu, J. J.; Wang, Y. W.; Jiang, G. B., Short chain chlorinated paraffins in mollusks from coastal waters in the Chinese Bohai Sea. Environmental Science & Technology 2012, 46 (12), 6489-6496.
 Zencak, Z.; Oehme, M., Recent developments in the analysis of chlorinated paraffins. TrAC,Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2006, 25 (4), 310-317.
 Zeng, L.; Wang, T.; Wang, P.; Liu, Q.; Han, S.; Yuan, B.; Zhu, N.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, G., Distribution and trophic transfer of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in an aquatic ecosystem receiving effluents from a sewage treatment plant. Environmental Science & Technology 2011, 45 (13), 5529-5535.
 Zeng, L. X.; Lam, J. C. W.; Wang, Y. W.; Jiang, G. B.; Lam, P. K. S., Temporal trends and pattern changes of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in marine mammals from the South China Sea over the past decade. Environmental Science & Technology 2015, 49 (19), 11348-11355.
 Zeng, L. X.; Li, H. J.; Wang, T.; Gao, Y.; Xiao, K.; Du, Y. G.; Wang, Y. W.; Jiang, G. B., Behavior, fate, and mass loading of short chain chlorinated paraffins in an advanced municipal sewage treatment plant. Environmental Science & Technology 2013, 47 (2), 732-740.
 Zhao, Z. S.; Li, H. J.; Wang, Y. W.; Li, G. L.; Cao, Y. L.; Zeng, L. X.; Lan, J.; Wang, T.; Jiang, G. B., Source and migration of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in the coastal East China Sea using multiproxies of marine organic geochemistry. Environmental Science & Technology 2013, 47 (10), 5013-5022.

指導教授

丁望賢(Wang-Hsien Ding)

審核日期

2016-6-20

推文