| 摘要(英) |
Assessment of Exposure to Hazardous Substances of LCD Process
- a Case Study of Manufacturer A
Abstract
The development of LCD makes our life more convenient and interesting, so that information can be spread quickly. The manufacturing process uses many kinds and large amounts of chemicals, some of which are hazardous substances. Improper exposure to hazardous substances in the working environment will affect labors’ safety and health. To prevent occupational injuries, this study aims at a LCD manufacturer (represented by manufacturer A) which implements regular working environment monitoring to assess chemical exposure. However, this way fails to assess all hazardous substances and some hazardous substances may cause problems of safety, health and cost without objective assessment. This study proposes risk-oriented exposure assessment methods including chemical control banding and saturated vapor pressure mode to assess labors’ exposure and health situation, and to complement management of hazardous substances which lack monitoring methods. First, we use hazard identification to understand the safety information of hazardous substances used in factory and the possible hazards to labors exposed to hazardous environment, and then, use the three exposure assessment methods (working environment monitoring, chemical control banding and saturation vapor pressure model) to assess the risk of hazardous substances. The result of working environment monitoring shows that the monitored value of a single hazardous substance is far below the permissible exposure limits and the calculated additive effect of hazardous substances in cleanroom is also less than 1, which conforms with the regulatory requirements. The result of working environment monitoring shows that under current management the contents of Indium, isopropyl alcohol and acetone are not within the expected concentration range, and it is associated with the usage amount and the improved measures. Result of risk-oriented exposure assessment shows that current methods of hazardous substances management adopted for module process can’t meet the requirement, so the risk acceptance still need to be improved. Comparing the results of various exposure assessment methods, we understand chemical control banding may be applied to substitute the working environment monitoring, and the management methods of hazardous substances assessment by saturation vapor pressure model is at a lower level which can effectively control the concentration of hazardous substances and is suitable for noncarcinogenic substances management. Examining the regulation of protective equipment usage, we find that the use of protective equipment is insufficient when exposing to hazardous substances directly. We should strengthen the education training program of hazard communication to further reduce the workers’ risk.
Keywords: hazardous substances, exposure assessment, working environment monitoring, chemical control banding, saturation vapor pressure model. |
| 參考文獻 |
參考文獻
Bracker, A.L., Morse, T.F., Simcox, N.J., Training health and safety committees to use control banding: lessons learned and opportunities for the United States, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 307-314 (2009)
Charles, B.K. and Wil, T.B., Mathematical models for estimating occupational exposure to chemicals, American Industrial Hygiene Association, ISBN:0-932627-99-4 (2000)
Dearfield, K.L., Douglas, G.R., Ehling, U.H., Acrylamide: a review of its genotoxicity and an assessment of heritable genetic risk, Mutation Research-Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Vol. 330, No. 1-2, pp. 71-99 (1995)
Gaffney, S., Moody, E., McKinley, M., Worker exposure to methanol vapors during cleaning of semiconductor wafers in a manufacturing setting, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol. 5, No. 5,pp. 313-324 (2008)
Homma, T., Ueno, T., Sekizawa, K., Interstitial pneumonia developed in a worker dealing with particles containing Indium-tin Oxide, Journal of Occupational Health, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 137-139 (2003)
Lee, E.G., Harper, M., Bowen, R.B., Evaluation of COSHH essentials: Methylene Chloride, Isopropanol, and Acetone exposures in a small printing plant, Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 463-474 (2009)
Paik, S.Y., Zalk, D.M., Swuste, P., Application of a pilot control banding tool for risk level assessment and control of nanoparticle exposures, Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 419-428 (2008)
Spencer, J.W. and Plisko, M.J., A comparison study using a mathematical model and actual exposure monitoring for estimating solvent exposures during the disassembly of metal parts, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 253-259 (2007)
Susan, D.S. and Robert, L.D., Occupational exposures associated with male reproductive dysfunction, Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 567-592 (1985)
Tchounwou, P.B., Centeno, J.A., Patlolla, A.K., Arsenic toxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis - a health risk assessment and management approach, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Vol. 255, No. 1-2 pp. 47–55 (2004)
The technical basis for COSHH essentials: easy steps to control chemicals, Health and Safety Executive (1999)
William, W.N., and Glen, R.C., Mathematical modeling of chemically reactive pollutants in indoor air, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 924-934 (1986)
William, H.B. and Joselito, S.I., A strategy for assessing and managing occupational exposures, American Industrial Hygiene Association, ISBN:1-931504-69-5 (2006)
Yamazaki, K., Tanaka, A., Hirata, M., Long term pulmonary toxicity of Indium Arsenide and Indium Phosphide instilled intratracheally in hamsters, Journal of Occupational Health, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 169-178 (2000)
Zalk, D.M., Paik, S.Y., Swuste, P., Evaluating the control banding nanotool: a qualitative risk assessment method for controlling nanoparticle exposures, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, Vol. 11, No. 7 pp. 1685-1704 (2009)
CNS15030，http://www.cnsonline.com.tw/?node=result&generalno=15030&locale=zh_TW，經濟部標準檢驗局，2016年。
健康危害化學品-定量暴露評估推估模式，http://ccb.osha.gov.tw/uploadFile/ccbUpload/CBFile_Type0_20160602170528.pdf，勞動部職業安全衛生署，2016年。
化學品分級管理運用手冊，http://ccb.osha.gov.tw/uploadFile/ccbUpload/CBFile_Type0_20150429171516.pdf，勞動部職業安全衛生署，2015年。
陳弘晏，化學品分級管理在高科技觸控面板製程之實務應用，中國醫藥大學職業安全與衛生學系研究所碩士論文，2014年。
西久保靖彥，圖解薄型顯示器入門，五南，2007年。
洪政平，化學品分級管理-以LED廠磊晶製程為例，國立交通大學產業安全與防災學程研究所碩士論文，2014年。
化學品管理實務訓練，財團法人安全衛生技術中心，2015年。
許惠悰，風險評估與風險管理，新文京，2006年。
汪禧年，液晶螢幕顯示器工廠勞工空氣中有機有害物暴露調查研究，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所，2006年。
蔡錦蓮、林佩勳、楊婉君、黃宏凱、梁美惠、黃馨冉、李幸玲，光電產業危害金屬粉塵作業暴露評估及健康管理策略分享，奇美電子股份有限公司南科分公司，2012年。
李聯雄與闕妙如，化學性危害暴露作業環境測定指引及落實執行之研究，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所，2010年。
詹長權，建立以健康風險評估為目標之暴露評估策略研究，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所，2007年。
陳佳君 、張詣鑫、李政憲、陳強琛，中小企業化學品運作風險評估工具之評估與運用，財團法人安全衛生技術中心，2010年。
陳正堯與黃玉立，化學因子暴露評估指引及執行範例，勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所，2014年。
李政憲，化學品安全管理新發展，工業安全科技，2008年。
張淑娟，塑膠表面處理業職業暴露與健康風險評估，國立中央大學環境工程研究所碩士論文，2014年。
鍾竺均，工業衛生，新文京，2003年。
潘治良，專利之品質與價值評量方法-以TFT-LCD產業為例，國立政治大學科技管理研究所碩士論文，2006年。
化學品全球分類及標示調和制度，聯合國，2005年。
林世昌，淺談職業暴露評估與管理，工安環保報導，2001年。
賈台寶，實驗室化學品安全衛生計畫指引，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所，2005年。
陳春萬與謝書榮，職場整體換氣性能規範之探討，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所，2009年。
防護具選用技術手冊，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所，1995年。
陳秋蓉、辜志弘、劉紹興，麻醉廢氣對醫事人員之職業危害，行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所，2004年。 |
[Endnote RIS 格式]
[相關文章]
[文章引用]
[完整記錄]
[館藏目錄]
至系統瀏覽論文 ( 永不開放)
plurk
funp
live
udn
HD
myshare
netvibes
friend
youpush
delicious
baidu
Google bookmarks
del.icio.us
hemidemi
facebook
twitter
google
reddit