Engineering and Environmental Analysis of Maintenance Interval in Taiwan Freeway -the Case of Guanxi Section

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：8

、訪客IP：18.119.107.96

姓名

潘普翠(Putri Adhitana Paramitha) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

土木工程學系

論文名稱

(Engineering and Environmental Analysis of Maintenance Interval in Taiwan Freeway -the Case of Guanxi Section)

相關論文

★ 3D 鋪面調查車之驗證與國道應用分析	★ 營建剩餘土石方物流監控及管理系統之建置
★ 透水性鋪面保水與溫差成效之評估 -以中壢市龍慈路為例	★ 以生命週期評估滾筒碴與轉爐石應用於瀝青混凝土之研究
★ 傳統單點雷射與2D雷射應用於平坦度之比較研究	★ 鋪面劣化影像自動辨識應用於鋪面巡查精進研究
★ 自動化鋪面破壞影像辨識系統導入鋪面破壞維護管理系統之研究	★ 以ETC大數據結合FWD建立台灣區高速公路鋪面結構評估準則之研究
★ The Comparison Study of Various Surface Maintenance Alternatives in Taiwan Freeway	★ The Preliminary Study of conducting Pavement Maintenance Model for Taiwan Provincial Highways using Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
★ 冷拌再生瀝青混凝土應用於管線挖掘回填層之可行性研究	★ 台灣現行修補材料運用於柔性鋪面表層裂縫與坑洞修補之耐久性初步探討
★ 以車載藍光雷射建構國道鋪面抗滑值與二維紋理之關聯模型	★ 以不同光譜雷射應用於鋪面平坦度量測之綜合性評估
★ 冷拌再生瀝青混凝土應用於道路管線挖掘回填工程之現地驗證	★ Investigating the Rejuvenating Effect of Different Recycling Agents on the Performance of Aged Asphalt Binder and Asphalt Concrete

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

至系統瀏覽論文 ( 永不開放)

摘要(中)

隨著台灣經濟成長，企業、機構與組織的林立，城市的空間漸不足，生活圈持續擴大，以至台灣的路網逐漸繁密，因此道路的維護變得格外重要。本文涉及鋪面屬性、鋪面條件和交通屬性，以了解台灣高速公路不同維護週期的生命週期成本計算（Life Cycle Costing, LCC）和生命週期分析（Life Cycle Analysis, LCA）相關的使用條件，LCC作為替代投資分析，將鋪面的初始和未來貼現、用戶、維護和其他相關成本納入其中，嘗試決定最低生命週期成本的最佳價值，並滿足投資支出績效目標，因為LCA將環境影響和鋪面自身納入系統的整個生命週期，包括於生產、維護和使用階段時發生的影響，因此需要依靠高速公路大數據庫來進行分析，鋪面生命週期對於提高效率，充足性和可靠的資金佔有決定性的因素，同時也涵蓋了影響環境的大量能源和資源消耗。本研究針對台灣第三高速公路關西段進行分析。使用HDM-4模擬分析期間的總生命週期條件和成本，並對不同投資方案進行比較成本估算和經濟分析。收集並分析道路網數據、氣候數據、車流數據和交通數據。將HDM-4進行校正，使其考慮到鋪面破壞、PCI和IRI值，得到小週期維護更適用於關西段。研究成本比較表明，小週期維護成本在環境影響評估，總工務局花費和環境成本皆較高，然而針對（Global warming potential，GWP）的分析卻顯示小週期維護降低了全球暖化潛勢，比現行維護方式低0.46％~ 0.99％。台灣是藉由訂定最低IRI值1.75m/km來提高高速公路的服務水平，本研究同時證實，關西段近期維修使用情況優於以前的長週期，維護週期降低至1.5年可能會提高小週期維護的有效性。短週期維護方法可做為未來維護策略，建議選擇台灣高速公路其他區段進行後續研究。

摘要(英)

A low time interval of maintenance, lack of large-scale maintenance, budget limitation, environmental condition, increase of pavement condition standard, and increase of the transportation volume resulted in low pavement condition on the freeway. However, since 2013 Taiwan no longer focused on freeway construction. It intended to concentrate on short-cycle maintenance instead of long-cycle maintenance. Applied short-cycle maintenance indicates better road performance. However, it increases the budget due to the increase of maintenance interval. It becomes essential to embracing sustainability as an effective tool to assist in the selection of maintenance treatments for the roads. As an important feature of sustainability, Life Cycle Cost (LCC) emphasizing engineering economic, while Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) emphasizing environmental factors. The historical freeway database is needed for analyzing the pavement life cycle and long-term road network performance as a function of traffic volumes, traffic loading, pavement type, pavement condition, and maintenance standards. Calibrated HDM-4 used to simulate total life cycle conditions and costs for an analysis period with comparative cost. It estimates an economic analyses of different investment options. Road network data, climate data, vehicle fleet data, and traffic data were collected and analyzed. Based on the analysis of pavement distress, PCI, and IRI value, the result shows applying short-cycle is more acceptable for maintenance in Guanxi section. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) result shows that short-cycle maintenance contributed the smallest GWP with 0.46% up to 0.99% lower than another maintenance type. Maintenance interval, material consumption and pavement roughness would also be identified to impact the environment in this study. Therefore, integrated analysis for engineering LCC, environmental LCA, and IRI by Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) shows short-cycle as an optimum maintenance option. Likewise, this study validates that recent maintenance use in Guanxi section is better than the previous long-cycle while reducing the maintenance interval to 1.5 years might decrease the maintenance cost of short-cycle maintenance. This maintenance method worth for the next study and could be used as future maintenance strategy in another freeway sections in Taiwan.

關鍵字(中)

★ 鋪面
★ 生命週期評估
★ 環境要素

關鍵字(英)

★ Pavement,
★ life cycle cost analysis
★ environmental

論文目次

ABSTRACT ii
摘要 viii
Acknowledgement ix
Table of Contents x
List of Abbreviation xv
List of Figure xviii
List of Table xxiii
List of Equation xxvii
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Background 1
1.2. Statement of This Study 3
1.3. Research Objective 3
1.4. The Skeleton of the Study 3
1.5. Assumption and Limitations 4
1.6. Remarks 5
2. Literature Review 7
2.1. Taiwan Freeway 7
2.2. Guanxi Section 10
2.3. Taiwan Economic Growth and Budgeting 11
2.4. Pavement Management System (PMS) 14
2.5. Pavement Condition 16
2.5.1. Pavement Distress and Road Deterioration 16
2.5.2. Pavement Condition Index (PCI) 18
2.5.3. International Roughness Index (IRI) 18
2.5.4. Skid Resistance 19
2.5.5. Structural Number of Pavement 20
2.5.6. Road Work Standard 21
2.6. Pavement Effect to Fuel Consumption 22
2.7. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) on Pavement 22
2.7.1. LCC Elements 25
2.7.2. LCC Approaches 28
2.7.3. Economic Indicators 29
2.7.4. Pavement Management Constraints 30
2.8. Overview of HDM-4 31
2.9. Greenhouse Gases Emission and Global Warming Potential 34
2.9.1. Greenhouse Gasses (GHG) 34
2.9.2. Global Warming Potential (GWP) 35
2.10. Overview of GaBi Software 35
2.11. Engineering and Environmental Life Cycle 36
3. Methodology 38
3.1. Study Plan 38
3.2. Life Cycle Inventory Database 40
3.3. Data Manipulation 41
3.3.1. Clustering 41
3.3.2. Pearson’s Correlation Analysis 41
3.3.3. Regression Analysis 42
3.4. HDM-4 42
3.5. The Calibration of HDM-4 49
3.6. Pavement Performance Prediction Model in HDM-4 51
3.7. Engineering Life Cycle 54
3.7.1. Agency Cost 54
3.7.2. User Cost 54
3.8. Environmental Life Cycle 55
3.8.1. Life Cycle Inventory 56
3.8.2. Impact Assessment Phase 57
3.8.3. GWP Analysis 57
3.9. Optimization Model 57
4. Taiwan Freeway Historical Data Inventory 61
4.1. Introduction 61
4.2. Objective of This Chapter 61
4.3. Road Network Inventory Data 62
4.4. Climate Inventory 68
4.5. Vehicle Fleet Inventory 71
4.6. Traffic Inventory 74
4.6.1. Traffic Pattern 77
4.6.2. Traffic Categories 90
4.6.3. Traffic Composition, Volumes and Growth Rates 90
4.6.4. Road Capacity and Speed-Flow Relationships 94
4.6.5. Vehicles Distribution 95
4.7. Remarks 103
5. The Simulation of HDM-4 105
5.1. Introduction 105
5.2. Objective of This Chapter 106
5.3. Maintenance and Rehabilitation 106
5.3.1. Maintenance History 106
5.3.2. Road Work Standard 110
5.3.3. Maintenance Alternatives 113
5.4. Pavement Condition Prediction Model 115
5.4.1. Structural Number of Pavement 115
5.4.2. Deterioration Prediction Model 118
5.4.3. The Prediction results of Pavement Condition Index 122
5.4.4. Pavement Roughness Prediction Models 125
5.4.5. Skid Resistance Prediction 133
5.4.6. Pavement Overall Pavement Condition Index 135
5.5. Remarks 136
6. Engineering Life Cycle Cost (LCC) 137
6.1. Introduction 137
6.2. Objective of This Chapter 142
6.3. Road Maintenance Optimization Model Considering User and Agency Cost at Project Level 143
6.3.1. Assessment 144
6.3.2. Agency Cost 145
6.3.3. User Cost 147
6.4. Road Maintenance Optimization Considering User and Agency Costat Network Level 156
6.4.1. Assessment 156
6.4.2. Agency Cost 158
6.4.3. User Cost 160
6.5. Maintenance and Rehabilitation Recommendation 164
6.6. Remarks 166
7. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment 168
7.1. Introduction 168
7.2. Objectives for This Chapter 170
7.3. Inventory Analysis 171
7.3.1. Inventory Analysis of Project Level 172
7.3.2. Inventory Analysis of Network Level 179
7.4. Impact Analysis and Emission 180
7.4.1. Impact Analysis of Project Level 183
7.4.2. Impact Analysis of Network Level 187
7.5. The Results of Global Warming Potential 190
7.5.1. GWP of Project Level 193
7.5.2. GWP of Network Level 196
7.6. Remarks 201
8. Economic and Environmental Optimization Model 203
8.1. Introduction 203
8.2. Objective for This Chapter 204
8.3. Optimization of Maintenance 204
8.3.1. Maintenance and Environmental Cost of Project Level 205
8.3.2. Maintenance and Environmental Cost of Network Level 212
8.4. Maintenance Alternatives Based on Cost and Environmental 223
8.4.1. Maintenance Alternatives of Project Level 225
8.4.2. Maintenance Alternatives of Network Level 228
8.5. Remarks 229
9. Conclusions and Recommendations 230
9.1. Conclusions 230
9.2. Recommendations 231
REFERENCE 232
Appendix 1. Vehicle Fleet 243
Appendix 2. Detail AADT and ESAL 252
Appendix 3. Road Condition Data 351
Appendix 4. HDM-4 Data Input 371
Appendix 5. Maintenance History 387
Appendix 6. Detail Agency Cost 389
Appendix 7. Cost Analysis 393

參考文獻

[1]. Ministry of Transportation and Communications R.O.C., "Statistical Yearbook of Republic of China," Statistical Department MOTC, Taipei, 2016.
[2]. U.S Environmental Protection Agency, "Hot Mix Asphalt Plants Emission Assessment Report," U.S Environmental Protection Agency, North Carolina, 2000.
[3]. National Statistics Republic of China (Taiwan)," 26 12 2015. [Online]. Available: http://eng.stat.gov.tw/. [Accessed 26 12 2015].
[4]. Chinowsky, Paul, et al. Climate change: comparative impact on developing and developed countries. The Engineering Project Organization Journal, 2011, 1.1: 67-80.
[5]. Europian Transport Safety Council, "PIN programme," ETSC, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://etsc.eu/projects/pin/. [Accessed 26 12 2015].
[6]. Ministry of Transportation and Communications R.O.C., "Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau," 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.freeway.gov.tw/english/. [Accessed 25 12 2015].
[7]. Engineering Consultans, CECI, [Online]. Available: http://www.ceci.com.tw/english/. [Accessed 27 12 2015].
[8]. Taiwan National Freeway Bureau, Interviewee, Freeway toll shortfall increases. [Interview]. 06 11 2015.
[9]. Wikipedia, "Wikipedia," 31 August 2015. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway_3_(Taiwan). [Accessed November 2015].
[10]. Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics R.O.C., "Taiwan Government Budget Forecast," Executive Yuan, Taiwan, 1988-2015.
[11]. Chao, Ming-Che; Huang, Wen-Hsiu; Jou, Rong-Chang. The asymmetric effects of gasoline prices on public transportation use in Taiwan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2015, 41: 75-87.
[12]. Ferreira, Adelino; Santos, Joao. LCCA System for Pavement Management: Sensitivity Analysis to the Discount Rate. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012, 53: 1172-1181.
[13]. Golabi, Kamal; Kulkarni, Ram B.; Way, George B. A statewide pavement management system. Interfaces, 1982, 12.6: 5-21.
[14]. Durillo, Juan J.; Nebro, Antonio J. Jmetal: A Java framework for multi-objective optimization. Advances in Engineering Software, 2011, 42.10: 760-771.
[15]. Herabat, Pannapa; Amekudzi, Adjo; Sirirangsi, Poovadol. Application of cost approach for pavement valuation and asset management. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2002, 1812: 219-227.
[16]. Ferreira, Adelino; Antunes, Antonio; Picado-Santos, Lu ?’ s. Probabilistic segment-linked pavement management optimization model. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2002, 128.6: 568-577.
[17]. Winston, Ryan J., et al. Maintenance measures for preservation and recovery of permeable pavement surface infiltration rate–The effects of street sweeping, vacuum cleaning, high pressure washing, and milling. Journal of environmental management, 2016, 169: 132-144.
[18]. transportation association of canada (TAC), Canada, 2013.
[19]. FHWA, "Pavement Distress Identification Manual," 2006. Cycle 4.
[20]. Sahin, M. Y. "Pavement management for airports, roads, and parking lots," New York: Springe, vol. 501, 2005.
[21]. Odoki, J. B.; Kerali, Henry GR., "HDM-4 Highway Development and Management," in Volume 4 - Analytical Framework & Model Description Part G, France, The World Road Association PIARC, 2000.
[22]. Gillespie, Thomas D. Calibration of response-type road roughness measuring systems. 1980. NCHRP Report. No. 228, December 1980.
[23]. He, M. C. "National Freeway flatness testing and comfort index analysis," National Central University, Zhongli, 2013.
[24]. "National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice 14: Skid Resistance," Highway Research Board, National Academy of Sciences , Washington, D.C..
[25]. Corley-Lay, Judith. Friction and surface texture characterization of 14 pavement test sections in Greenville, North Carolina. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1998, 1639: 155-161.
[26]. AASHTO Officials, "Guidelines for Skid Resistant Pavement Design," AASHTO, Washington, D.C, 1976.
[27]. Kebrle, John Michael. Texture measurement and skid number prediction using laser data acquisition, digital signal processing, and neural networks. 2008. PhD Thesis. The University of Texas at Arlington.
[28]. California Department of Tranasportation, "Pavement Interactive," Caltrans, CSIR, FDOT, 23 4 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.pavementinteractive.org/. [Accessed 2012].
[29]. Chesher, Andrew; Harrison, Robert. Vehicle operating costs: evidence from developing countries. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, DC (USA), 1987.
[30]. Wen, Pei-Chang, et al. Using On-Road Data to Correct Underestimations of Fuel Consumption of Motorcycles from Laboratory Tests. In: Challenges and Advances in Sustainable Transportation Systems. 2014. p. 182-190.
[31]. Taylor, G. W.; Patten, J. D. Effects of pavement structure on vehicle fuel consumption-Phase III. 2006.
[32]. Ardekani, Siamak A.; Sumitsawan, Palinee. Effect of pavement type on fuel consumption and emissions in city driving. 2010.
[33]. Zhang, Han, et al. Dynamic life-cycle modeling of pavement overlay systems: Capturing the impacts of users, construction, and roadway deterioration. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 2009, 16.4: 299-309.
[34]. Zhang, Han, et al. Life-cycle optimization of pavement overlay systems. Journal of infrastructure systems, 2010, 16.4: 310-322.
[35]. California Department of Tranasportation, Caltrans, "Life-Cycle Cost Analysis," Office of Pavement Engineering, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/Translab/index.htm. [Accessed 26 August 2015].
[36]. Walls Iii, James; Smith, Michael R. Life-cycle cost analysis in pavement design-interim technical bulletin. No. FHWA-SA-98-079," FHWA, 1998.
[37]. Sinha, Kumares C.; Labi, Samuel. Transportation decision making: Principles of project evaluation and programming. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
[38]. Yu, Bin; Lu, Qing. Life cycle assessment of pavement: Methodology and case study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2012, 17.5: 380-388.
[39]. Utah Department of Transportation, "Principles of Pavement Preservation," Federal Highway Administration, FHWA, [Online]. Available: www.fhwa.dot.gov. [Accessed 27 12 2015].
[40]. FHWA, "Life Cycle Cost Analysis in Pavement Design. Publication No. FHWA-SA-98-079," US Department of Transportation, Washington DC, 1998.
[41]. Smith, Roger; Freeman, Thomas; Pendleton, Olga. Pavement maintenance effectiveness. Washington, DC: Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council, 1993.
[42]. Elhadidy, Amr A.; Elbeltagi, Emad E.; Ammar, Mohammad A. Optimum analysis of pavement maintenance using multi-objective genetic algorithms. HBRC Journal, 2015, 11.1: 107-113.
[43]. Han, Dae-Seok, et al. Life cycle cost analysis of pavement maintenance standard considering user and socio-environmental cost. Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 2007, 27.6D: 727-740.
[44]. Perera, R. W.; Kohn, Starr D. LTPP data analysis: Factors affecting pavement smoothness. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 2001.
[45]. World Bank, "Roads and The Environment World Bank Technical Paper," vol. 376, no. 31, 1997.
[46]. Australia Depatment of Transport, "Roads Environment," Northern Teritory Government of Australia, Darwin, 2014.
[47]. Treloar, Graham J.; Love, Peter Ed; Crawford, Robert H. Hybrid life-cycle inventory for road construction and use. Journal of construction engineering and management, 2004, 130.1: 43-49.
[48]. Scheving, Asta Guciute. Life cycle cost analysis of asphalt and concrete pavements. Reykjavik University. 2011. PhD Thesis.
[49]. Virginia DOT, Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Material Divion, Virginia: Virginia Department of Transportation, 2011.
[50]. Bank of Taiwan, [Online]. Available: www.bot.com.tw. [Accessed 26 12 2015].
[51]. Shrieves, Ronald E.; Wachowicz JR, John M. Free Cash Flow (FCF), Economic Value Added (EVA?), and Net Present Value (NPV):. A Reconciliation of Variations of Discounted-Cash-Flow (DCF) Valuation. The engineering economist, 2001, 46.1: 33-52.
[52]. State of California DOT Division of Maintenance Pavement Program, "Life Cycle Cost Analysis Procedures Manual," Caltrans, California, 2013.
[53]. Kaliba, Chabota; Muya, Mundia; Mumba, Kanyuka. Cost escalation and schedule delays in road construction projects in Zambia. International Journal of Project Management, 2009, 27.5: 522-531.
[54]. Odoki, J. B.; Kerali, Henry GR., "HDM-4 Highway Development and Management," in Volume 4: Analitical Framework and Model Descriptions part F, France, The World Road Association PIARC, 2000.
[55]. Ferreira, Adelino; Picado-Santos, Luis; Antunes, Antonio. A segment-linked optimization model for deterministic pavement management systems. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2002, 3.2: 95-105.
[56]. Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau, "Budget Accounting Statistics Office," MOTC, [Online]. Available: https://www.freeway.gov.tw/English/. [Accessed 14 01 2016].
[57]. Chen, Yung Lin; Lin, Jyh Dong. The Study of HDM-4 Applied in Taiwan Area National Freeway Maintenance and Management. In: Advanced Materials Research. Trans Tech Publications, 2013. p. 923-930.
[58]. Smith, Roger; Freeman, Thomas; Pendleton, Olga. Pavement maintenance effectiveness. Washington, DC: Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council, 1993.
[59]. Rohde, G. T. Modelling Road Deterioration and maintenance effects in HDM-4. Pavement Strength in HDM-4 with FWDs, 1995.
[60]. Odoki, J. B.; Kerali, Henry GR., "HDM-4 Highway Development and Management," in Volume 4 - Analytical Framework & Model Description Part C, France, The World Road Association PIARC, 2000. 4.
[61]. Jain, S. S.; Aggarwal, Sanjiv; Parida, M. HDM-4 pavement deterioration models for Indian national highway network. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2005, 131.8: 623-631.
[62]. Odoki, J. B.; Kerali, Henry GR. Analytical framework and model descriptions. The Highway Development and Management Series, 2000, 4.
[63]. Brander, Matthew; Davis, G. Greenhouse gases, CO2, CO2e, and carbon: What do all these terms mean. Econometrica, White Papers, 2012.
[64]. Cass, Darrell; Mukherjee, Amlan. Calculation of greenhouse gas emissions for highway construction operations by using a hybrid life-cycle assessment approach: case study for pavement operations. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2011, 137.11: 1015-1025.
[65]. Chen, Shih-Huang, et al. Environmental Impact Assessment and Total Cost Analysis of BOF and BSSF Slag in Asphalt Concrete. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 2017, 31.4: 04017034.
[66]. Yu, Bin; Lu, Qing. Life cycle assessment of pavement: Methodology and case study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2012, 17.5: 380-388.
[67]. Myhre, Gunnar, et al. Radiative forcing of the direct aerosol effect from AeroCom Phase II simulations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13.4: 1853.
[68]. Chang, Yih F.; Lewis, Charles; Lin, Sue J. Comprehensive evaluation of industrial CO2 emission (1989–2004) in Taiwan by input–output structural decomposition. Energy Policy, 2008, 36.7: 2471-2480.
[69]. Chang, Yih F.; Lewis, Charles; Lin, Sue J. Comprehensive evaluation of industrial CO2 emission (1989–2004) in Taiwan by input–output structural decomposition. Energy Policy, 2008, 36.7: 2471-2480.
[70]. GaBi, "Thinkstep GaBi," 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.gabi-software.com/. [Accessed 21 May 2016].
[71]. GaBi, "thinkstep GaBi," [Online]. Available: http://www.gabi-software.com/taiwan/index/. [Accessed 20 12 2015].
[72]. Loijos, Alexander; Santero, Nicholas; Ochsendorf, John. Life cycle climate impacts of the US concrete pavement network. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2013, 72: 76-83.
[73]. QIAN, S. Z., et al. Life cycle analysis of pavement overlays made with Engineered Cementitious Composites. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2013, 35.1: 78-88.
[74]. WANG, Ting; JONES, David; HARVEY, John T. A Framework for Life-Cycle Cost Analyses and Environmental Life-Cycle Assessments for Fully Permeable Pavements. Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, 2010.
[75]. ZHANG, H.; KEOLEIAN, G. A.; LEPECH, M. D. An integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle analysis model for pavement overlay systems. In: Proc., 1st Int. Symp. on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering. London: Taylor & Francis Group, 2008. p. 907-915.
[76]. HUNKELER, David; REBITZER, Gerald. Life Cycle costing—paving the road to sustainable development?. The international journal of life cycle assessment, 2003, 8.2: 109-110.
[77]. SANTOS, Joao; FLINTSCH, Gerardo; FERREIRA, Adelino. Environmental and economic assessment of pavement construction and management practices for enhancing pavement sustainability. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2017, 116: 15-31
[78]. Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau, MOTC, [Online]. Available: http://www.freeway.gov.tw/english/. [Accessed 2015 02 01].
[79]. Chen, Yung Lin; Lin, Jyh Dong. The Study of HDM-4 Applied in Taiwan Area National Freeway Maintenance and Management. In: Advanced Materials Research. Trans Tech Publications, 2013. p. 923-930.
[80]. Lee, Y.H., Departement of Civil Engineering, Tamkang University, [Online]. Available: http://www.ce.tku.edu.tw/~yinghaur/hwy/hwy_ch9. [Accessed 12 08 2016].
[81]. Taiwan Central Weather Bureau. [Online]. Available: http://www.cwb.gov.tw/. [Accessed 20 May 2016].
[82]. Gillenwater, M., "GHG Management Institute," 1 April 2015. [Online]. Available: http://ghginstitute.org/2010/06/28/what-is-a-global-warming-potential/. [Accessed 20 May 2016].
[83]. Odoki, J. B.; Kerali, Henry GR., "HDM-4 Highway Development and Management," in Volume 4 - Analytical Framework & Model Description Part E, France, The World Road Association PIARC, 2000.
[84]. Odoki, J. B.; Kerali, Henry GR., "HDM-4 Highway Development and Management," in Volume 4 - Analytical Framework & Model Description Part D, France, The World Road Association PIARC, 2000.
[85]. FDOT, "Flexible Pavement Design Manual," in 625-010-002, 2016.
[86]. Chamorro, Alondra; TIGHE, Susan. Development of a management framework for rural roads in developing countries: integrating socioeconomic impacts. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2009, 2093: 99-107.
[87]. Kannemeyer, L. and Visser A T., "The Evaluation of Overseas Pavement Deterioration Models for Application on South African National Roads," in Annual Transportation Convention, Pretoria, South Africa, 1993.
[88]. Rohde, Gustav T., et al. The calibration and use of HDM-IV performance models in a pavement management system. In: Fourth International Conference on Managing Pavements. Durban, South Africa. 1998.
[89]. Rohde, G. T.; Van Wijk, A. J. The Calibration of HDM-III Performance Prediction Models for Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Proceedings of The 6th Conference On Asphalt Pavements for Southern Africa, Capsa′94, Held Cape Town October 1994. Vol 1. 1994.
[90]. Rolt, J.; Parkman, C. C. Characterisation of Pavement Strength in HDM III and changes adopted for HDM-4. In: 10th International Conference of the Road Engineering Association of Asia and Australia. 2000.
[91]. Shah, Yogesh U., et al. Development of overall pavement condition index for urban road network. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013, 104: 332-341.
[92]. Santero, Nicholas J.; Masanet, Eric; Horvath, Arpad. Life-cycle assessment of pavements. Part I: Critical review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2011, 55.9-10: 801-809.
[93]. Ruzika, Stefan; Wiecek, Margaret M. Approximation methods in multiobjective programming. Journal of optimization theory and applications, 2005, 126.3: 473-501.
[94]. Sherwin, David. The case for more comprehensive data collection and how it might be achieved: Part 2. Maintenance and Asset Management, 2006, 20.4: 34.
[95]. Markow, Michael J. Life-cycle cost evaluations of the effects of pavement maintenance. Transportation Research Record, 1990, 1276.
[96]. Hicks, R.; Moulthrop, James; Daleiden, Jerry. Selecting a preventive maintenance treatment for flexible pavements. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1999, 1680: 1-12.
[97]. Wang, Feng; Zhang, Zhanmin; Machemehl, Randy. Decision-making problem for managing pavement maintenance and rehabilitation projects. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2003, 1853: 21-28.
[98]. Archilla, Adrian Ricardo; Madanat, Samer. Development of a pavement rutting model from experimental data. Journal of transportation engineering, 2000, 126.4: 291-299.
[99]. Morian, Dennis A.; Gibson, S. D.; Epps, Jon A. Maintaining flexible pavements: the long term pavement performance experiment SPS-3 5-year data analysis. United States. Federal Highway Administration, 1998.
[100]. Jendia, Shafik M.; Al Hallaq, Maher A. Development of a Pavement Maintenance Management System (pmms) for Gaza City. IUG Journal of Natural Studies, 2015, 13.1.
[101]. Kargah-Ostadi, Nima; Stoffels, Shelley M. Framework for development and comprehensive comparison of empirical pavement performance models. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2015, 141.8: 04015012.
[102]. Gong, Hongren, et al. Effectiveness analyses of flexible pavement preventive maintenance treatments with LTPP SPS-3 experiment data. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2015, 142.2: 04015045.
[103]. Jackson, N.; Puccinelli, Jason; Engineers, Nichols Consulting. Long-term Pavement Performance Program (LTPP) data analysis support: National Pooled Fund Study TPF-5 (013). Effects of multiple freeze cycles and deep frost penetration on pavement performance and cost. Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 2006.
[104]. Taiwan National Freeway Bureau, "Freeway gov," 18 3 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.freeway.gov.tw/english/Publish.aspx?cnid=1102.
[105]. Mikolaj, Jan; Remek, Lubos. Traffic flow modeling based on the ISOHDM Study. Procedia Engineering, 2015, 111: 522-529.
[106]. Willway, Teresa, et al. Maintaining pavements in a changing climate. TSO, 2008.
[107]. FHWA, "Distress Identification Manual for the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program," U.S. Department of Transportation, Virginia, 2003.
[108]. Taiwan Central Weather Bureau. [Online]. Available: http://www.cwb.gov.tw/. [Accessed 23 12 2015].
[109]. Odoki, J. B.; Kerali, Henry Gr., "HDM-4 Highway Development and Management," in Volume 4 - Analytical Framework & Mode lDescriptions: Part B, France, The World Road Association PIARC, 2000.
[110]. Wright, Tommy, et al. Variability in traffic monitoring data. Final summary report. Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (United States), 1997.
[111]. Hu, Patricia; Wright, Tommy; Esteve, Tony. Traffic count estimates for short-term traffic monitoring sites: Simulation study. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1998, 1625: 26-34.
[112]. Selby, Brent; Kockelman, Kara. Spatial prediction of AADT in unmeasured locations by universal kriging. 2011.
[113]. Tang, Y. F.; Lam, William HK; NG, Pan LP. Comparison of four modeling techniques for short-term AADT forecasting in Hong Kong. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2003, 129.3: 271-277.
[114]. Eom, Jin, et al. Improving the prediction of annual average daily traffic for nonfreeway facilities by applying a spatial statistical method. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2006, 1968: 20-29.
[115]. Zhong, Ming; Sharma, Satish. Matching hourly, daily, and monthly traffic patterns to estimate missing volume data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2006, 1957: 32-42.
[116]. Jorge, Jose-Doramas; De Rus, Gines. Cost–benefit analysis of investments in airport infrastructure: a practical approach. Journal of Air Transport Management, 2004, 10.5: 311-326.
[117]. Mohamad, Dadang, et al. Annual average daily traffic prediction model for county roads. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1998, 1617: 69-77.
[118]. Zhao, Fang; Park, Nokil. Using geographically weighted regression models to estimate annual average daily traffic. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2004, 1879: 99-107.
[119]. Benekohal, Rahim; Kaja-Mohideen, Ahmed-Zameem; Chitturi, Madhav. Methodology for estimating operating speed and capacity in work zones. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2004, 1883: 103-111.
[120]. Mikolaj, Jan; Remek, Lubos. Traffic flow modeling based on the ISOHDM Study. Procedia Engineering, 2015, 111: 522-529.
[121]. World Bank, "The World Bank IBRD.IDA," The World Bank, [Online]. Available: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.ROAD.K1. [Accessed 8 4 2016].
[122]. Paterson, William DO. Road deterioration and maintenance effects: Models for planning and management. 1987.
[123]. Ognjenovic, Slobodan; Ristov, Riste; Vatin, Nikolai. Designing of Rehabilitations of Urban and Non-urban Roads. Procedia engineering, 2015, 117: 568-573.
[124]. Ministry of Transportation and Communications R.O.C., "2014 Annual report," in Statistical department, 2014.
[125]. Tsai, Chen-Yu; Chou, Chia-Pei; Chen, Ai-Chin. The study of the relationship between IRI and 3m-straightedge acceptance specification. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 2012, 35.4: 439-448.
[126]. Gillespie, James; Mcghee, Kevin. Get in, get out, come back!: What the relationship between pavement roughness and fuel consumption means for the length of the resurfacing cycle. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2007, 1990: 32-39.
[127]. Ognjenovic, Slobodan; Krakutovski, Zoran; Vatin, Nikolai. Calibration of the Crack Initiation Model in HDM 4 on the Highways and Primary Urban Streets Network in Macedonia. Procedia engineering, 2015, 117: 559-567.
[128]. Solminihac, Hernan de, et al. Calibration of structural cracking models for asphalt pavements: HDM-4 case. 2003.
[129]. Chai, Gary, Et al. Calibration of HDM Model for the North South Expressway in Malaysia. In: 6th International Conference on Managing Pavements: The Lessons, The Challenges, The Way AheadQueensland Department of Main RoadsARRB Group LimitedFRH GroupExor CorporationPavement Management ServicesFederal Highway AdministrationWorld HighwaysGHDBrisbane City CouncilTasmania Department of Infrastructure, Energy and ResourcesAustralian Road Federation (ARF) HansenCooperative Research Centre for Construction Innovation. 2004.
[130]. Kokkalis, Alexandros G.; Panagouli, Olympia K. Fractal evaluation of pavement skid resistance variations. I: Surface Wetting. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 1998, 9.11: 1875-1890.
[131]. Zimmerman, Kathryn A. Pavement management methodologies to select projects and recommend preservation treatments. Transportation Research Board, 1995.
[132]. Durango, Pablo L.; Madanat, Samer M. Optimal maintenance and repair policies in infrastructure management under uncertain facility deterioration rates: an adaptive control approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 2002, 36.9: 763-778.
[133]. Torres-Machi, Cristina, et al. Sustainable pavement management: Integrating economic, technical, and environmental aspects in decision making. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2015, 2523: 56-63.
[134]. Labi, Samuel; Sinha, Kumares C. Life-cycle evaluation of flexible pavement preventive maintenance. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2005, 131.10: 744-751.
[135]. Reigle, Jennifer; Zaniewski, John. Risk-based life-cycle cost analysis for project-level pavement management. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2002, 1816: 34-42.
[136]. Van Hiep, Dinh; Tsunokawa, Koji. Optimal maintenance strategies for bituminous pavements: A case study in Vietnam using HDM-4 with gradient methods. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 2005, 6: 1123-1136.
[137]. Tighe, Susan. Guidelines for probabilistic pavement life cycle cost analysis. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2001, 1769: 28-38.
[138]. Thiagarajan, Arvind, et al. VTrack: accurate, energy-aware road traffic delay estimation using mobile phones. In: Proceedings of the 7th ACM conference on embedded networked sensor systems. ACM, 2009. p. 85-98.
[139]. Babashamsi, Peyman, et al. Evaluation of pavement life cycle cost analysis: Review and analysis. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 2016, 9.4: 241-254.
[140]. Ramadhan, Rezqallah H.; Al-Abdul Wahhab, Hamad I.; Duffuaa, Salih O. The use of an analytical hierarchy process in pavement maintenance priority ranking. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 1999, 5.1: 25-39.
[141]. Chen, W.Y."Establishing Correlation Model Between 2D Pavement Texture and Skid Number in Taiwan Freeway using Vehicle Mounted Blue-Ray Laser CCD," National Central University, Taiwan, 2016.
[142]. National Statistics Republic of China (Taiwan), [Online]. Available: https://eng.stat.gov.tw. [Accessed 19 August 2016].
[143]. TALAS, 15 12 2016. [Online]. Available: http://talas-pub.iot.gov.tw.
[144]. Taiwan National Freeway Bureaiu ETC division, 15 12 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.fetc.net.tw/. [Accessed 27 04 2015].
[145]. Baumann, Henrikke; Tillman, A.-M. The hitch hiker′s guide to LCA (Life Cycle Assessment): an orientation in Life Cycle Assessment methodology and application. 2004.
[146]. HWANG, Jenn Jiang. Policy review of greenhouse gas emission reduction in Taiwan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15.2: 1392-1402.
[147]. Harvey, John; Wang, Ting; Lea, Jeremy. Application of LCA Results to Network-Level Highway Pavement Management. In: Climate Change, Energy, Sustainability and Pavements. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014. p. 41-73.
[148]. Kulczycka, Joanna; Smol, Marzena. Environmentally friendly pathways for the evaluation of investment projects using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA). Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2016, 18.3: 829-842.
[149]. Lee, E. B.; Kim, Changmo; Harvey, John T. Pavement Type Selection for Highway Rehabilitation Based on a Life-Cycle Cost Analysis: Validation of California Interstate 710 Project (Phase 1). In: 90th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Paper. 2011. p. 23-27.
[150]. International Organization for Standardization. Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Framework. ISO 14040, 1997.
[151]. International Organization for Standardization. Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Framework. ISO 14001, 1997.
[152]. Architecture and Building Research Institute, , "Green Building Label," Ministry of The Interior Taiwan, 2011. [Online]. Available: http://green.abri.gov.tw/art_1-2-en.php. [Accessed 23 November 2012].
[153]. Yu, Bin, et al. Multi-objective optimization for asphalt pavement maintenance plans at project level: Integrating performance, cost and environment. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2015, 41: 64-74.
[154]. LEONTIEF, Wassily (ed.). Input-output economics. Oxford University Press, 1986.
[155]. EPA, "Taiwan Product Carbon Footprint," 2010. [Online]. Available: https://cfp.epa.gov.tw/EN. [Accessed 06 12 2017].
[156]. Dorchies, P. T.; Chappat, M.; Bilal, J. Environmental Road of the Future: Analysis of Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. In: Fiftieth Annual Conference of the Canadian Technical Asphalt Association (CTAA) Canadian Technical Asphalt Association. 2005.
[157]. Li, Sheng-Han; Altan, Hasim. Life cycle balance of building structures in Taiwan and substitution effect of wood structure. In: Multimedia Technology (ICMT), 2011 International Conference on. IEEE, 2011. p. 1098-1101.
[158]. Velegrakis, Adonis F., et al. European marine aggregates resources: Origins, usage, prospecting and dredging techniques. Journal of Coastal Research, 2010, 1-14.
[159]. Stripple, Johannes. Climate change after the international. Rethinking Security, Territory and Authority, 2005.
[160]. Blomberg, Timo, et al. Partial life cycle inventory or “eco-profile” for paving grade bitumen. European Bitumen Association (In.), Brussels, Belgium. Eurobitume report, 1999, 99.007.
[161]. Serra, David. Moisture in Asphalt Production-The importance of accurate moisture measurement and control. Quarry Management, 2010, 37.1: 19.
[162]. Tserng, H. P., et al. An operations planning system for asphalt pavement compaction. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. 1996. p. 349-358.
[163]. Nemeth, Andrew F.; Ward, Devon A.; Woodington, W. G. The effect of asphalt pavement on stormwater contamination. Professor Paul P. Mathisen, Major Advisor, 2010.
[164]. Executive Yuan, "keeping Earth Healthy,Taiwan promulgated the Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act on July 1, 2015," [Online]. Available: http://english.ey.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=F0EC6C24AAFD9427. [Accessed 27 5 2017].
[165]. Executive Yuan, "The Republic of China Yearbook 2016," [Online]. Available: http://english.ey.gov.tw.
[166]. World Bank, "Carbon Pricing Watch 2017," World Bank, Paris, 2017.

指導教授

陳世晃(Chen, Shih-Huang)

審核日期

2018-7-27

推文