印度-太平洋區域於不同降雨之雨滴粒徑分佈 (RSD)特徵分析及應用

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姓名	西拉(BALAJI KUMAR SEELA) 查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	國際研究生博士學位學程
論文名稱	印度-太平洋區域於不同降雨之雨滴粒徑分佈 (RSD)特徵分析及應用 (Raindrop size distribution (RSD) characteristics and their applications in different precipitating clouds over Indo-Pacific region)
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摘要(中)	摘要雨滴粒徑分布(RSD)對氣象學、水文學、遙測和無線電波通訊具有重大的意義。本篇論文試圖了解RSD在印度洋-太平洋於不同季節和熱帶氣旋降水特徵分析，並評估熱帶氣旋(也稱颱風)在台灣的降雨侵蝕力。為了達成以上目標，本篇使用大範圍的地面(雨滴譜儀、雷達和雨量筒資料)、遙測(MODIS和TRMM)與再分析資料(ERA-interim)資料。帛琉和台灣的RSD在夏季(06/16-08/31)有明顯的差異 : 台灣比帛琉觀測到較高濃度的中和大雨滴，降雨積分公式與Gamma參數都有明顯的不同，複雜的地貌(中央山脈)和高氣膠濃度都是造成兩島之間RSD的差異。台灣夏季(06/16-08/31)與冬季(DJF)降雨之比較 : 高濃度大雨滴出現在夏季；另一方面，高濃度小雨滴出現在冬季，兩者的遙測和再分析資料都顯示，劇烈對流活動與相對較高的地表溫度狀況下所發展的直展雲可以對應到夏季RSD的特徵。從統計的角度，印度洋相較於太平洋的熱帶氣旋具有較多的小雨滴 ; 反之，太平洋熱帶氣旋有較高濃度的中和大雨滴，另外，Z-R 和 μ-Λ 兩者的關係式也有明顯的差異。透過使用在台灣15年RSD和60年雨量筒的時雨量資料評估颱風所帶來的降雨侵蝕力，颱風平均降雨侵蝕力全球平均降雨侵蝕力，此外，颱風的降水侵蝕力由北往南漸增強，相對高值出現在台灣的東部與南部區域，颱風平均年侵蝕力從1968-2017並沒有明顯的趨勢。
摘要(英)	Abstract Raindrop size distribution (RSD) has significant implications meteorology, hydrology, remote-sensing, radio-wave communication and in hydrology. In this thesis an attempt has been made to comprehend RSD characteristics of seasonal, and tropical cyclones rainfall at different observational sites located in Indo-Pacific region as well as to assess the rainfall erosivity for Taiwan region that was induced due to tropical cyclones (also called typhoons). To achieve the above mentioned goals, a wide range of ground-based (disdrometers, radars and rain gauges), remote-sensing (MODIS and TRMM), and re-analysis (ERA-interim) data sets have been used. A comparison study conducted for the summer season (16 June -31 August) RSD characteristics for Palau and Taiwan observational sites showed clear demarcations in RSD between these two islands. Rainfall over Taiwan has a higher concentration of mid and large drops than Palau. The rain integral parameters as well as other gamma parameters showed clear distinction between these two islands. Both complex topography (central mountain range) and relatively higher aerosol loading were found to be the causative mechanism responsible for these RSD variation between these two islands. The RSD characteristics of summer (16 June -31 August) and winter (December-February) seasons rainfall over north Taiwan reveled a higher concentration of large drops in summer and small drops in winter. Both remote-sensing and re-analysis data sets revealed that the deeply extended clouds with intense convective activity and relatively higher ground temperatures in summer are responsible for the RSD distinctions between summer and winter seasons. The statistical analysis of RSD characteristics for Indian and Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones (TCs) revealed that the number concentration of small drops is higher in TCs of Indian Ocean than Pacific Ocean, whereas, the number concentration of mid-size and large drops is higher in Pacific Ocean TCs. The radar reflectivity- rain rate (Z-R) and slope- shape (μ-Λ) relations of Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean are found to be distinctly different. The rainfall erosion caused by typhoon rainfall over Taiwan are assessed by using fifteen years of RSD and 60-years of hourly rain gauges data, and established that typhoons’ mean rainfall erosivity is higher than the global mean rainfall erosivity. Moreover, regional variability of typhoons rainfall erosivity showed an increasing pattern from north to south, with relatively higher values over eastern and southern part of Taiwan.
關鍵字(中)	★ 雨滴大小分佈 ★ 熱帶氣旋 ★ 降雨侵蝕力	關鍵字(英)	★ Raindrop size distribution ★ tropical cyclones ★ disdrometer ★ rainfall erosivity
論文目次	TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract………………………………………………………………………… i Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….. iii Table of contents……………………………………………………………….. vi List of figures…………………………………………………………………... viii List of tables……………………………………………………………………. xv List of symbols…………………………………………………………………. xviii List of acronyms……………………………………………………………….. xx Chapter I: Introduction………………………………………………………. 01 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………. 01 1.2 Cloud microphysics………………………………………………………. 03 1.2.1 Cloud and rain formation…………………………………………. 03 1.2.2 Cold and warm rain process………………………………………. 05 1.2.3 Convective and stratiform precipitation………………………….. 06 1.3 Brief literature of RSD……………………………………………………. 07 1.4 Description about study area……………………………………………… 15 1.5 Scope of the thesis………………………………………………………… 18 1.6 Outline of the thesis……………………………………………………….. 19 Chapter II: Instrumentation and methodology……………………………… 21 2.1 Joss-Waldvogel disdrometer (JWD)……………………………………… 21 2.2 Parsivel disdrometer (PSD)………………………………………………. 35 2.3 Radar reflectivity mosaic…………………………………………………. 47 2.4 Satellite and ERA-Interim data…………………………………………… 49 Chapter III: A comparison study of summer season RSD between Palau and Taiwan, two Islands in Western Pacific…………………… 51 3.1 Raindrop Size Distribution in Different Rain Rate Classes………….…. 53 3.2 RSD Variations in Stratiform and Convective Precipitation……………. 61 3.3 Radar Reflectivity (Z)-Rain Rate (R) Relations………………………… 68 3.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………...... 69 3.5 Summary………………………………………………………………… 75 Chapter IV: RSD characteristics of summer and winter season rainfall over north Taiwan…………………………………………………………. 77 4.1 Raindrop size distribution in different rain rate classes……………………. 81 4.2 Diurnal variation of RSD……………………………………………...…… 88 4.3 Stratiform and convective RSD……………………………………….…... 91 4.4 Radar reflectivity and rain rate (Z-R) relations……………………………. 95 4.5 Mu-lambda (μ-Λ) relations………………………………………………... 96 4.6 Discussion………………………………………………………………..... 97 4.7 Summary…………………………………………………………………... 108 Chapter V: RSD characteristics of Indian and Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones………………………………………………….. 110 5.1 RSD in different rain rate classes .………………………………………. 116 5.2 Dm-R and Nw-R relations………………………………………………… 119 5.3 Shape and slope (μ-Λ) relations……………………………….…………. 122 5.4 The relationship between mass-mean diameter and standard deviation of mass spectrum ( Dm-σm)……………………………………………….. 123 5.5 RSD in stratiform and Convective precipitation…………….…………… 125 5.6 Radar reflectivity- rain rate (Z-R) relations………………….…………... 128 5.7 Discussion ……………………………………………………………….. 131 5.8 Summary…………………………………………………………………. 134 Chapter VI: An assessment of tropical cyclones erosivity for Taiwan using RSD………………………………………………………………… 135 6.1 Estimation of rainfall intensity (I) and kinetic energy relations…… …… 137 6.2 Validation of kinetic energy-rainfall intensity relations …………………… 146 6.3 Spatial variation of typhoon rainfall, rainfall erosivity and erosivity density.. 149 6.4 Trends in typhoons precipitation and erosivity………………………………. 158 6.5 Summary …………………………………………………………………….. 162 Chapter VII: Summary and conclusions……………………………………….. 165 7.1 A comparison study of summer season raindrop size distribution between Palau and Taiwan two islands in Western Pacific………………. 165 7.2 Raindrop size distribution characteristics of summer and winter seasons rainfall over north Taiwan……………………………………….. 166 7.3 Raindrop size distribution characteristics of Indian and Pacific Ocean tropical cyclones………………………………………………………….. 169 7.4 An assessment of tropical cyclones rainfall erosivity for Taiwan………... 169 7.5 Feature scope/work of the thesis…………………………………………. 170 Chapter VIII: References………………………………………………………. 172
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指導教授	Prof.林沛練(Prof. Pay-Liam Lin Prof. Pao-Kuan Wang)	審核日期	2019-8-21
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