Correlation of statistical learning of different implicit transitional probabilities with Chinese literacy acquisition in non-native adult learners

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

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姓名

余安雅(An-Ya Yu) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

認知與神經科學研究所

論文名稱

(Correlation of statistical learning of different implicit transitional probabilities with Chinese literacy acquisition in non-native adult learners)

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摘要(中)

近來研究顯示，統計性學習與拼音文字(如希伯來文)，及非拼音文字(如中文)的學習發展有關。然而不同形式的統計性學習，例如對視覺空間、視覺順序排列以及聽覺順序等刺激材料中不同特性敏感的統計學習能力之間的比較仍欠缺，此外，這些不同面向的統計學習能力對於語言習得是否有相同的貢獻仍有待進一步釐清。
為探討上述議題，本研究在第一個實驗中招募了197位在台灣學習中文，但母語為拼音文字的成年外籍生進行橫斷性行為資料的比較，其中有85位受試者繼續參與第二個實驗作為後續長期追蹤。本研究測量受試者視覺順序、視覺空間中特徵組合以及聽覺統計學習能力，同時也量測了受試者的智商、口語短期記憶與中文識字能力。由於大部分的中文字為形聲字，通常在文字的左偏旁與右偏旁分別為意旁及音旁，因此相較於對視覺刺激材料之順序性敏感的統計學習能力，我們假設對視覺材料之特徵組合敏感的統計學習能力與中文識字能力的相關較強。實驗一研究結果顯示，順序性的視覺統計學習與中文識字能力呈現顯著相關，而特徵組合的視覺統計學習並沒有與中文識字能力相關。實驗二的長期追蹤研究結果顯示，在過去數個月中持續學習中文的受試者進步較停止正式中文課程的受試者大，但是統計學習能力與中文識字能力的相關僅呈現於後者身上，而特徵組合的視覺統計學習仍然未與中文識字能力呈現相關。另外，在停止正式中文課程的受試者身上，中文識字能力又與順序性的聽覺統計學習能力達顯著相關。整體來說，本研究結果支持視覺以及聽覺統計學習能力對中文文字學習的影響力。
此外，本研究欲進一步探討以非中文為母語的外籍受試者處理中文形音對應關係時的表現，以及大腦活化機制。因此，本研究招募了12位以中文為母語的本籍受試者及12位以拼音文字為母語的外籍中文學習受試者參與實驗三的核磁共振造影的研究。同時，本實驗也測量了受試者的順序性視覺統計學習能力、空間性統計學習能力中的特徵組合統計學習、隱性特徵組合統計學習、智商以及語音短期記憶。結果發現相較於本籍受試者，外籍受試者進行形音轉換時，中文識字量與左腦梭狀回(fusiform gyrus)的活化程度有顯著相關，同時他們的視覺空間特徵組合統計學習能力與中文音旁一致性敏感度有顯著相關，此效果顯示於左腦中的梭狀回(fusiform gyrus)以及前額葉內側中回 (medial frontal gyrus)的活化。
我們的研究結果確認了統計性學習確實是一個預測以中文為第二語言之文字習得的因子，同時顯示: (1)語言習得的不同面向可能與不同向度的統計學習有關，(2)除了序列性統計學習能力之外，視覺空間性統計學習能力也許是學習中文為第二語之初學者習得中文字辨識的重要預測因子。

摘要(英)

Recent research has shown that statistical learning (SL) ability has consistently correlated with literacy acquisition of alphabetic (e.g., Hebrew) and non-alphabetic (e.g., Chinese) languages alike. However, various forms of SL, such as spatial visual SL (SpaVSL), sequential visual SL (SeqVSL), and sequential auditory SL (ASL), have seldom been compared side-by-side, and whether these aspects contribute to literacy acquisition equally remains to be clarified.
To explore these issues, 197 alphabetic language speakers learning Chinese as a second language were recruited in our Experiment 1, with 85 among these participants were recruited in Experiment 2. Participants’ various SL abilities, as well as their intelligence quotient (IQ), verbal short-term memory (vSTM), and Chinese literacy proficiency were measured. As the majority of modern Chinese characters are phonograms, which are typically composed of a semantic and a phonetic radical on the left and right side of a character, respectively, we hypothesized that SpaVSL, particularly the sensitivity to combinatorial regularities (CVSL), would exhibit a stronger correlation with the Chinese literacy indices than SeqVSL. Our Experiment 1 results confirmed the relationship between SeqVSL and Chinese literacy measurements previously found, but showed no correlation between CVSL or ASL with Chinese literacy measurements. In Experiment 2, in addition to showing that participants who continued to learn Chinese in the past few months improved more than those who stopped to take formal lessons of Chinese, we confirmed results from Experiment 1 and previous findings for SeqVSL in predicting Chinese literacy improvement for the latter group. However, the effects of CVSL remained insignificant. A predictive effect of ASL in the participants who stopped to take formal Chinese lessons was found, contrary to previous findings. Overall, SeqVSL was a stronger predictor than CVSL in our cross-sectional and longitudinal investigations.
In Experiment 3, we recruited 12 native Chinese readers and 12 non-native Chinese readers to participate in a homophone judgment task in fMRI to investigate their sensitivity to consistency of Chinese pseudo phonograms. We also measured their SeqVSL, SpaVSL, and CVSL in addition to their IQ and vSTM. The process through which participants made homophone judgments on the pseudo phonograms is orthography-phonology conversion (OPC) in Chinese characters Due to the varying consistency information of Chinese phonetic radicals, we inferred that this process is very similar in nature to implicit learning, which can be measured via SL. Results revealed that in non-native participants, their character size was correlated with the activations at the left fusiform gyrus. For the consistency-sensitivity related effect, a significant correlation was found between SpaVSL with the left fusiform gyrus and the left medial frontal gyrus.
Our findings confirm that SL is indeed a valid predictor of second language acquisition of Chinese character recognition, and suggest that 1) different SL may be differentially correlated to various aspects of language acquisition, and 2) in addition to SeqVSL, SpaVSL may be a crucial predictor of processing efficiency of Chinese character consistency in non-native beginning learners of Chinese.

關鍵字(中)

★ 統計性學習
★ 中文第二語言學習
★ 雙語
★ 形音轉換
★ 中文音旁一致性

關鍵字(英)

★ statistical learning
★ visual transitional probabilities
★ second language acquisition
★ bilingualism
★ orthography-phonology conversion
★ Chinese radical consistency

論文目次

Table of Contents
Chinese Abstract v
English Abstract vii
Acknowledgment ix
Table of Content xi
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xvi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Statistical learning 1
1.1.1 Different types of SL: generality and specificity 1
1.1.2 SL and basic cognitive abilities 2
1.2 SL and language 3
1.2.1 SL and first language (L1) acquisition 4
1.2.2 SL and second language (L2) acquisition 6
1.3 Characteristics of Chinese 9
1.3.1 Orthographic depth and Chinese consistency 9
1.3.2 Visual spatial complexity 13
1.4 Summary of current literature and its gaps 14
1.5 Aims of the current study 15
Chapter 2 Tasks 17
2.1 Chinese proficiency tasks 17
2.1.1 Chinese character size tset (CS) 18
2.1.2 Picture-matching test (PM) 18
2.1.3 Visual lexical decision test (VLDT) 19
2.1.4 Auditory lexical decision test (ALDT) 19
2.1.5 Visual pseudo character test (VPCT) 20
2.1.6 Auditory pseudo character test (APCT) 20
2.2 Basic cognitive tasks 21
2.2.1 WAIS block design 21
2.2.2 Forward digit span 22
2.3 Statistical learning tasks 22
2.3.1 Sequential visual statistical learning (SeqVSL) 22
2.3.2 Auditory statistical learning (ASL) 23
2.3.3 Spatial combination visual statistical learning (CVSL) 24
2.3.4 Spatial grid visual statistical learning (SpaVSL) 26
2.4 fMRI tasks 26
2.4.1 Homophone judgment (HJ) 26
2.4.2 Color judgment: pseudo Chinese character (CJ_PC) 28
2.4.3 Color judgment: Korean character (CJ_K) 29
2.5 List of tasks used in each experiment 30
Chapter 3 Experiment 1 31
3.1 Methods 31
3.1.1 Participants 31
3.1.2 Design and stimuli 32
3.1.3 Apparatus 32
3.1.4 Procedure 34
3.2 Results 35
3.2.1 Descriptive statistics of study variables 35
3.2.2 Correlation analysis of independent and dependent variables 37
3.2.3 Regression analysis of dependent variables 42
3.3 Discussion 46
Chapter 4 Experiment 2 49
4.1 Methods 49
4.1.1 Participants 49
4.1.2 Design and stimuli 49
4.1.3 Procedure 49
4.2 Results 50
4.2.1 Descriptive statistics of study variables 50
4.2.2 Correlation analysis of independent variables and improvement of Chinese proficiency 53
4.2.3 Regression analysis of improvement of Chinese proficiency 58
4.3 Discussion 61
Chapter 5 Experiment 3 63
5.1 Methods 64
5.1.1 Participants 64
5.1.2 Design and stimuli 65
5.1.3 Apparatus 67
5.1.4 Procedure 67
5.2 Image acquisition 68
5.3 Data processing 68
5.3.1 Image data processing 68
5.3.2 1st level GLM modeling and 2nd level contrasts 69
5.3.3 Region of interest analysis 69
5.4 Results 70
5.4.1 Descriptive statistics for SL variables and other characteristics 70
5.4.2 The performance of homophone and color judgments across participants 71
5.4.3 Imaging results 73
5.5 Discussion 88
Chapter 6 General Discussion 92
6.1 Summary of study results 92
6.2 SL specificity and CVSL 92
6.3 SL and Chinese OPC processing 94
6.4 Study limitations and future suggestions 95
6.5 Conclusion 95
References 97
Appendix 103

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指導教授

吳嫻(Denise H. Wu)

審核日期

2016-8-30

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