博碩士論文 104350603 詳細資訊




以作者查詢圖書館館藏 以作者查詢臺灣博碩士 以作者查詢全國書目 勘誤回報 、線上人數:25 、訪客IP:3.147.84.215
姓名 露西亞(Thandeka Lucia Dlamini)  查詢紙本館藏   畢業系所 國際永續發展碩士在職專班
論文名稱 史瓦濟南墨巴本市都市固體廢棄物源分離方法之開發
(The Development of a Source Separation Approach for Municipal Solid Waste in Mbabane city, Swaziland)
相關論文
★ Study on Cleaner Production Opportunities for the Sugar Industry in Belize.★ 聖薩爾瓦多都會區設置固體廢棄物資源回收廠可行性研究
★ The Study of Environmental Awareness and Waste Minimization Approaches for Hotel Management in Belize★ Improvement of Solid Waste Management and Design of Biogas Recovery System in Tegucigalpa, Honduras
★ 宏都拉斯之德古西加巴市設置都市垃圾回收處理廠的可行性研究★ 於貝里斯市進行移除簡易垃圾棄置場與興建衛生掩埋場的成本效益評估
★ 在低開發中國家廢物堆肥系統的設計和計畫建立-以甘比亞的Banjul和Kanifing的廢物推肥系統為例。★ 加勒比海地區開發中國家發展風力發電之經濟評估:以聖文森的風力發電場計畫為例
★ 宏都拉斯德古斯加巴市暴風雨災害引致固體廢棄物產生量 之推估及緊急堆置場地遴選評估之研究★ The Policy of PES (Payment for Environmental Services) in Indonesia. An Application Study for the Watershed Area Krueng Peusangan of Bireuen District in Aceh Province, Indonesia
★ 史瓦濟蘭於回收農業及林業殘料用以開發生質能源潛力研究★ 封閉鉛礦場對於鄰近居民健康及環境之影響研究 以泰國甘差那布里府之克里汐灣採礦場為例
★ 從纖維公司釋放的亞硫酸鹽和次氯酸鹽對廢水處理廠的性能和邊際減排成本的影響 以 印 度 尼 西 亞 的 Purwakarta 為 例★ 海地太子港都市區產生的城市固體廢物的能源潛力
★ Study of Establishing Composting System for Municipal Solid Waste in Petit-Goave City of Haiti★ 貝里斯消費者購置電動汽車之經濟評估及消費者需求之研究
檔案 [Endnote RIS 格式]    [Bibtex 格式]    [相關文章]   [文章引用]   [完整記錄]   [館藏目錄]   [檢視]  [下載]
  1. 本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
  2. 已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
  3. 請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。

摘要(中) 隨著經濟的發展、人口的成長,以及都市化的結果,非洲地區的一般固體廢棄物產量近年來已顯著增加。有鑒於源頭分類的實施可減少廢棄物最終進入掩埋場的數量,且可延長掩埋場的使用年限,本研究即針對史瓦濟南 (Swaziland) 首都墨巴本市 (Mbabane) 發展一套廢棄物源頭分類之方法,以期最終可增加該城市、甚至該國的資源回收率。然而,本研究由於受限於史瓦濟南在固體廢棄物管理上的資訊極為缺乏,因此相關的資料多只能從文獻間接推敲所得,包括用來估算廢棄物產量與組成的公式及數據;除此之外,也藉由問卷的設計以及墨巴本市市府員工的受訪,取得該城市近期固體廢棄物的管理資料。而在所建議的廢棄物來源分離的方法上,本研究則藉由對南非、台灣和德國等回收系統的分析與比較,提出最終可能適合該城市運作實行的方法。研究結果顯示,若根據What A Waste & Global Waste Management Outlook兩篇文獻所提供的數據經調整後,史瓦濟南每人每天的廢棄物產量可合理假設為0.5 kg/ca/day,且可得知垃圾的組成含有約54%的有機物類、41%的可回收物類、以及5%的其他類別;當進一步以13.5%作為未來十年全國人口的增加率時,可知國內主要的垃圾來源地都市地區的人口數屆時將達311,268人,且每天所產生的垃圾總量將達155.63公噸。而根據墨巴本市2015年時的68,288居民人數,以及所產生主要來自住宅區與商業區約29,919公噸之垃圾總量,可計算出該市每天的人均垃圾量約1.2公斤;當以同樣的方式推估該市未來的居民人數時,可知在2025年時將達79,000人,屆時將產生35,353公噸的垃圾;而在2018年時將有約5,501噸的垃圾可予以回收,相當於節省87,000立方米的掩埋場容積。最後,由分析的結果發現適合墨巴本市的固體廢棄物管理系統主要還是傳統的源頭分類方式,且施行時需仰賴大眾的參與以及政策的立法與推廣,包括強制性的分類、垃圾產出的收費、可回收物的禁止掩埋、以及掩埋課稅等,而這樣的源頭分類法預估將可替墨巴本市節省約13%的掩埋容積。綜合以上的結果,本研究建議未來實質運行的細項可利用成本效益做最後的評估與界定。
摘要(英) As a result of economic development, exponential population growth and urbanization, the quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Africa has increased remarkably. Source separation (SS) of waste can be practiced to reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills thus increasing landfill’s life span. The purpose of this study is to develop a source separation approach for the MSW in Mbabane city, Swaziland so as to increase recycling rates.
Due to the country’s lack of comprehensive data on solid waste management (SWM), data for this study were collected through desk study. Equations sourced from various literature sources were used to estimate the generation and composition of the waste stream in Swaziland. Additionally, the recycling systems of South Africa, Taiwan and Germany were studied to determine the various methods of practicing source separation of waste. Furthermore, a questionnaire was administered to the municipal council of Mbabane to gather MSW management data in the city.
Swaziland had an assumed waste constant per capita generation rate of 0.5 kg/ca/day composed of 54% organics, 41% recyclables and 5% other wastes. These estimates were done according to literature adjustments made using “What A Waste” document and the “Global Waste Management Outlook “document. The projected population showed a 13.5% increase of growth rate in the next decade with an urban population of about 311,268 people generating 155.63 tons/day. Mbabane’s per capita waste generation rate was calculated to be 1.2 kg/ca/day from a population of 68,288 inhabitants generating 29,919 tons in 2015. The residential and commercial areas were reported to be the major waste contributors. Additionally, the population in the city was projected to be as high as 79,000 people or so, generating a projected 35,353 tons in 2025. Out of the total waste generated in the city for year 2018, only about 5,501 tons of it could be recovered saving up about 87, 000 m3 of landfill capacity. The projected waste for both the country and city revealed an increase in waste generation in relation to the projected population increase thus concluding the need for a SS programme in the city and country as a whole. The SWM system employed in Mbabane was found to be conventional though informal recycling is practiced at a relatively small scale.
In conclusion, the approach developed relies on public’s participation and some policy tools in order to create a sustainable-living society with support from all relevant stakeholders uniting to create a sustainable environment. It utilizes a three-category rule for separation as a start with policy tools like; mandatory MSW sorting, waste charging policy, producer responsibility schemes, landfill disposal tax and disposal ban. Having studied the city’s current SWM situation and seen the expected 18 % increase in waste generation in the next decade, the study concluded that the proposed SS approach that could be able to save up about 13% of landfill capacity was best suited for Mbabane. A cost-benefit analysis of the study was recommended.
關鍵字(中) ★ 資源回收
★ 源頭分類
★ 一般固體廢棄物管理
★ 永續廢棄物管理
關鍵字(英) ★ Recycling
★ Source Separation
★ Sustainable waste management
★ Municipal solid waste management
論文目次
Table of Contents
摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
ACRONYMS ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Purpose of Study 4
Chapter 2 Literature Review 6
2.1 Solid Waste 6
2.2 Municipal Solid Waste Management 6
2.3 Functional Elements of a Waste Management System 7
2.4 Solid Waste Management in Mbabane City 12
2.4.1 Institutional Framework 12
2.4.2 Legal Framework 14
2.5 Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) 17
2.6 Recycling 18
2.6.1 Types of materials recycled or recovered 19
2.6.2 Separation and Collection Approaches to recycling 20
2.6.3 Source Separation (SS) 20
2.6.4 Recycling in South Africa, Taiwan and Germany 33
2.7 Sustainable Development 45
2.8 Sustainable Waste Management 47
Chapter 3 Methodology 51
3.1 Research Framework 51
3.1.1 Secondary Data (Literature review) 51
3.1.2 Primary Data (Questionnaire) 51
3.2 First Phase – Estimating solid waste generation and composition in Swaziland 53
3.2.1 Urban solid waste generation in Swaziland 53
3.2.2 Solid Waste Composition in Swaziland 56
3.3 Second Phase – Examining the municipal solid waste management system in Mbabane, Swaziland 57
3.3.1 Solid Waste generation in Mbabane city 58
3.3.2 Data analysis 60
3.3.3 Limitation to usefulness of data 60
3.4 Third Phase – Developing a Source Separation approach for Mbabane city 60
Chapter 4 Results and Discussions 63
4.1 First Phase - Estimation of solid waste generation and composition 63
4.1.1 Urban Solid Waste generation 63
4.1.2 Solid Waste composition 67
4.2 Second Phase - Examining Mbabane’s solid waste management system 77
4.2.1 Functional Elements of the solid waste management system in Mbabane 77
4.3 Third Phase – Developing a Source Separation Approach for Mbabane city 101
4.3.1 Development of a source separation approach for municipal solid waste in Mbabane 102
4.3.2 Source Separation approach 104
4.3.3 Evaluation of the Approach 109
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 115
5.1 Conclusions 115
5.2 Recommendations 116
References 117
Appendix I Questionnaire 133
Appendix II Solid Waste generation in Swaziland (2005-2015) 150
Appendix III Swaziland’s population projections (1960-2025) 151
Appendix IV Estimated Waste generation in Mbabane city (2005-2015) 153
參考文獻

AbdAlqader, A., & Hamad, J. (2012). Municipal Solid Waste Composition Determination Supporting the Integrated Solid Waste Management in Gaza Strip. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, (No. 2).
Achankeng, E. (2003). African studies association of Australasia and the pacific 2003 conference proceedings -African on a global stage globalization, urbanization and municipal solid waste management in Africa. Retrieved from http://afsaap.org.au/assets/Achankeng.pdf
AfDB/OECD/UNDP. African Economic Outlook 2016: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/AEO_2016_Report_Full_English.pdf
Afroz, R., Hanaki, K., & Tudin, R. (2011). Factors affecting waste generation: a study in a waste management program in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Environ Monit Assess, 179(1-4), 509-519.
Al-Khatib, I. A., Monou, M., Shaheen, H. Q., Kassinos, D., & Abdul Salam, F. A. Z. (2010). Solid waste characterization, quantification and management practices in developing countries. A case study: Nablus district – Palestine. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(5), 1131-1138.
Aphale, O., Thyberg, K. L., & Tonjes, D. J. (2015). Differences in waste generation, waste composition, and source separation across three waste districts in a New York suburb. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 99, 19-28.
Babayemi, J. O., & Dauda, K. T. (2009). Evaluation of solid waste generation, categories and disposal options in developing countries: a case study of Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 13(3), 83-88.
Bakshi, G. (2016). Taiwan has one of the world′s most efficient recycling systems. Global Citizen. Retrieved from https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/taiwan-musical-garbage-trucks-recycling/
Batoarung, I. B. (2014). . (Master′s degree), National Central University.
Bilitewski, B., Fischer, K. J., Weissbach, A., Boeddicker, H., Gorr, C., Härdtle, G., & Marek, K. (1996). Waste Management: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Blight, G. E., Fourie, A. B., Shamrock, J., Mbande, C., & Morris, J. W. F. (1999). The effect of waste composition on leachate and gas quality: a study in South Africa. Waste Management and Research, 17(2), 124-140.
Bolaane, B. (2006). Constraints to promoting people centred approaches in recycling. Habitat International, 30(4), 731-740.
Buenrostro, O., Bocco, G., & Vence, J. (2001). Forecasting Generation of Urban Solid Waste in Developing Countries-A Case Study in Mexico. J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 51(1), 86-93.
Burnley, S. J., Ellis, J. C., Flowerdew, R., Poll, A. J., & Prosser, H. (2007). Assessing the composition of municipal solid waste in Wales. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 49(3), 264-283.
CalRecycle. (2000). . (321-2000-0007).Retrieved from http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Publications/Detail.aspx?PublicationID=822.
Cave, S. (2017). Recycling in Germany. Research and Information Service Briefing Paper. Retrieved from http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2016-2021/2017/aera/1117.pdf
Chang, Y. M., Liu, C. C., Hung, C. Y., Hu, A., & Chen, S. S. (2008). Change in MSW characteristics under recent management strategies in Taiwan. Waste Manag, 28(12), 2443-2455.
Chen, H., Yang, Y., Jiang, W., Song, M., Wang, Y., & Xiang, T. (2016). Source Separation of Municipal Solid Waste: the Effects of Different Separation Methods and Citizens′ Inclination - Case Study of Changsha, China. J Air Waste Manag Assoc.
Chung, S. S., & Poon, C. S. (2001). A comparison of waste-reduction practices and new environmental paradigm of rural and urban Chinese citizens. J Environ Manage, 62(1), 3-19.
Ciegis, R., Ramanauskiene, J., & Martinkus, B. (2009). The Concept of Sustainable Development and its Use for Sustainability Scenarios. Engineering Economics, 62(2).
CSIR. (2011). Municipal waste management - good practices (1 Ed.). CSIR, Pretoria. Retrieved from http://nswaienvis.nic.in/Waste_Portal/Articles_pdf/Waste_Management_Toolkit.pdf
Dahlen, L., & Lagerkvist, A. (2010). Pay as you throw: strengths and weaknesses of weight-based billing in household waste collection systems in Sweden. Waste Manag, 30(1), 23-31.
Dahlen, L., Vukicevic, S., Meijer, J. E., & Lagerkvist, A. (2007). Comparison of different collection systems for sorted household waste in Sweden. Waste Manag, 27(10), 1298-1305.
Das, S., & Bhattacharyya, B. K. (2014). Estimation of municipal solid waste generation and future trends in greater metropolitan regions of Kolkata, India. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Innovation, 1(1), 31-38.
Daskalopoulos, E. B. O. P. S. D., Badr, O., & Probert, S. D. (1998). An integrated approach to municipal solid waste management. Resources, conservation and recycling, 24(1), 33-50.
DEA (2012). National Waste Information Baseline Report. Department of Environmental Affairs. Pretoria, South Africa. Retrieved from http://sawic.environment.gov.za/documents/1880.pdf
DEAT (2000). Starter Document for Waste Recycling: Background Document of Post-Consumer Recycling in South Africa and Internationally. Pretoria. Retrieved from http://sawic.environment.gov.za/documents/218.pdf
DESA. World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 (Vol. 2016): UN. New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/84971290-en
Di Maria, F., & Micale, C. (2013). Impact of source segregation intensity of solid waste on fuel consumption and collection costs. Waste Manag, 33(11), 2170-2176.
Diaz, L. F., Savage, G. M., Eggerth, L. L., & Golueke, C. G. (1993). Composting and recycling municipal solid waste. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers
Din, G. Y., & Cohen, E. (2013). Modeling Municipal Solid Waste Management in Africa: Case Study of Matadi, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Environmental Protection, 04(05), 435-445.
Ekere, W., Mugisha, J., & Drake, L. (2009). Factors influencing waste separation and utilization among households in the Lake Victoria crescent, Uganda. Waste Manag, 29(12), 3047-3051.
EPA (2012). Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. Recycling Fund Management Board: Recycling System. Retrieved from http://recycle.epa.gov.tw/Recycle/en/index.html
EPA Taiwan (2017). Environmental Protection Administration, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. Solid Waste Statistics. Retrieved from http://web.epa.gov.tw/en/epashow.aspx?list=8336&path=8336&guid=dfe48381-76ad-4b44-9c72-35d15194555d&lang=en-us
EPD (2005). Environmental Protection Department. A Policy Framework for the Management of Municipal Solid Waste (2005-2014). Annex A, Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/boards/advisory_council/files/30-2005-Annex-A.pdf
Eurostat (2017). Municipal solid waste. Retrieved on 15 July 2017 from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
Fiehn, H., Ball, J., & Novella, P. (2005). Integrated waste management. Background Research paper produced for the South Africa Environment Outlook Report Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
Fiji Meteorological Service. (2011). Current and future climate of the Fiji Islands. In P. C. C. Science (Ed.). Retrieved from http://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/1_PCCSP_Fiji_8pp.pdf
Fischer, C. (2013). Municipal waste management in Germany. EEA. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/151410224/Germany-MSW.
Folz, D. (1991). Recycling Program Design, Management, and Participation: A National Survey of Municipal Experience. Public Administration Review, 51(3), 222-231. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/976946.
Furtado, J. I., & Belt, T. (2000). Economic Development and Environmental Sustainability: Policies and Principles for a Durable Equilibrium: World Bank.
Gallardo, A., Bovea, M. D., Colomer, F. J., & Prades, M. (2012). Analysis of collection systems for sorted household waste in Spain. Waste Manag, 32(9), 1623-1633.
Gallardo, A., Bovea, M. D., Colomer, F. J., Prades, M., & Carlos, M. (2010). Comparison of different collection systems for sorted household waste in Spain. Waste Manag, 30(12), 2430-2439.
Getahun, T., Mengistie, E., Haddis, A., Wasie, F., Alemayehu, E., Dadi, D. . . . Van der Bruggen, B. (2012). Municipal solid waste generation in growing urban areas in Africa: current practices and relation to socioeconomic factors in Jimma, Ethiopia. Environ Monit Assess, 184(10), 6337-6345.
Ghosh, N. (2008). The Road from Economic Growth to Sustainable Development: How was it Traversed? SSRN Electronic Journal.
Han, H., & Zhang, Z. (2015). The impact of the policy of municipal solid waste source-separated collection on waste reduction: a case study of China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 19(1), 382-393.
Harijani, A. M., Mansour, S., & Karimi, B. (2017). A multi-objective model for sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste. Waste Management & Research, 35(4), 387-399.
HDR. (2013). An Assessment of Single and Dual Stream Recycling - Including Current Program Performance in Large Ontario Municipalities. Waste Diversion Ontario, Continuous Improvement Fund Office, 92 Caplan Avenue, Suite 511 Barrie, ON L4N 0Z7.
Heravi, H. M., Abdullah, A. M., Sabour, M. R., & Yacob, M. R. (2013). Waste Source Separation Planning by Cost-Benefit Analysis in Tehran-Iran. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3(3).
Honwane, E. T. a. M. (2015). South African Yearbook 2014/15. Government Communications (GCIS) Retrieved from http://www.gcis.gov.za/content/resourcecentre/sa-info/yearbook2014-15.
Hoornweg, D., & Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: a global review of solid waste management. Urban development series knowledge papers, 15, 1-98.Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf
Hoornweg, D., Perinaz Bhada-Tata, & Kennedy, C. (2013). Environment: Waste production must peak this century. Nature International weekly journal of science, 502(7473), 615–617.
Investopedia (2009). Per capita GDP. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/per-capita-gdp.asp
IPCC. (2006). Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol.5: Waste. Chapter 2: Waste Generation, Composition and Management Data. Retrieved from http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/5_Volume5/V5_2_Ch2_Waste_Data.pdf
J. I. C.A. (2006). Guidelines for Source Separation of Municipal Solid Wastes. Part III. Retrieved from http://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/resources/index/user_1/Sumber_Rujukan/garis_panduan_jpspn/Guidelines_for_Source_Separation_of_Municipal_Solid_Wastes.pdf.
Jadoon, A., Batool, S. A., & Chaudhry, M. N. (2013). Assessment of factors affecting household solid waste generation and its composition in Gulberg Town, Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 16(1), 73-81.
Joseph, K. (2006). Stakeholder participation for sustainable waste management. Habitat International, 30(4), 863-871.
Kates, R. W., Parris, T. M., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2005). What is sustainable development? Environment, 47(3), 8.
Kawai, K., & Tasaki, T. (2015). Revisiting estimates of municipal solid waste generation per capita and their reliability. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 18(1), 1-13.
Keramitsoglou, K. M., & Tsagarakis, K. P. (2013). Public participation in designing a recycling scheme towards maximum public acceptance. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 70, 55-67.
Khajuria, A., Yamamoto, Y., & Morioka, T. (2010). Estimation of municipal solid waste generation and landfill area in Asian developing countries. Journal of Environmental Biology, 31 (5), 649-654.
Kinobe, J. R., Niwagaba, C. B., Gebresenbet, G., Komakech, A. J., & Vinneras, B. (2015). Mapping out the solid waste generation and collection models: The case of Kampala City. J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 65(2), 197-205.
Kinsella, S., & Gertman, R. (2010). Single Stream Recycling Best Practices Implementation Guide. Conservatree: San Francisco, CA, USA.
Kreith, F. (1994). Handbook of solid waste management. New York: McGraw-Hill
Lakhan, C. (2015). A Comparison of Single and Multi-Stream Recycling Systems in Ontario, Canada. Resources, 4(2), 384-397.
Lane, G. W. S., & Wagner, T. P. (2013). Examining recycling container attributes and household recycling practices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 75, 32-40.
LeBlanc, R. (2016). Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) - An Overview. The Balance. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/integrated-solid-waste-management-iswm-an-overview-2878106
Lesotho Meteorological Services. (2001). Climate change in Lesotho - A handbook for practitioners. Retrieved from http://www.lesmet.org.ls/sites/default/files/publications/cchandbook.pdf
Li, Z. S., Fu, H. Z., & Qu, X. Y. (2011). Estimating municipal solid waste generation by different activities and various resident groups: a case study of Beijing. Sci Total Environ, 409(20), 4406-4414.
Liebenberg, C. J. (2007). Waste Recycling in Developing Countries in Africa: Barriers to Improving Reclamation Rates. In Eleventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, CISA, Environmental Sanitary Symposium Centre, Italy (pp. 1-9).
Lober, D. J. (1996). . Waste Management & Research, 14, 125-143. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9577/925994d7d9393c5308014f87d8f12704cc18.pdf
Lombard, R., & McPherson, M. (2003). Solid waste collection that benefits the urban poor: A COMPARISON OF THREE WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEMS APPROPRIATE TO FORMALISING COMMUNITIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Paper No. 30. CWG Workshop. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.195.3597&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Lu, L. T., Hsiao, T. Y., Shang, N. C., Yu, Y. H., & Ma, H. W. (2006). MSW management for waste minimization in Taiwan: the last two decades. Waste Manag, 26(6), 661-667.
Ludwig, C., HelIweg, S., & Stucki, S. (2003). Municipal Solid Waste Management: Strategies and Technologies for Sustainable Solutions. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag.
Lund, H. (2001). McGraw-Hill Recycling Handbook, 2nd Edition: McGraw-Hill Education.
Makwara, E. C., & Magudu, S. (2013). Confronting the Reckless Gambling With People′s Health and Lives: Urban Solid Waste Management in Zimbabwe. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(1), 67.
Malik, N. K. A., Abdullah, S. H., & Manaf, L. A. (2015). Community Participation on Solid Waste Segregation Through Recycling Programmes in Putrajaya. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 30, 10-14.
Martin, M., Williams, I. D., & Clark, M. (2006). Social, cultural and structural influences on household waste recycling: A case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 48(4), 357-395.
Masuku, L. (2009). Mbabane City Council could be breeding its own mdodi gang. Times of Swaziland Retrieved from http://www.times.co.sz/News/9463.html
Matete, N., & Trois, C. (2008). Towards zero waste in emerging countries - a South African experience. Waste Manag, 28(8), 1480-1492.
M. C. M. (2016). . Retrieved from http://www.mbabane.org.sz/pdf/Annual%20Report%202016.pdf
Mbabane. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbabane
Mbiba, B. (2014). Urban solid waste characteristics and household appetite for separation at source in Eastern and Southern Africa. Habitat International, 43, 152-162.
McCauley-Bell, P., Reinhart, D. R., Sfeir, H., & Ryan, B. O. T. (1997). Municipal solid waste composition studies. Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, 1(4), 158-163.
McDonald, S., & Ball, R. (1998). . Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 22, 123–141. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092134499700044X
McDougall, F. R., White, P. R., Franke, M., & Hindle, P. (2008). Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Life Cycle Inventory: Wiley.
Medina, M. (1997). Informal Recycling and Collection of Solid Wastes in Developing Countries: Issues and Opportunities. Retrieved from https://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/swm-ias.pdf
Miezah, K., Obiri-Danso, K., Kadar, Z., Fei-Baffoe, B., & Mensah, M. Y. (2015). Municipal solid waste characterization and quantification as a measure towards effective waste management in Ghana. Waste Manag, 46, 15-27.
Monier, V., M. Hestin, J. Cavé, I. Laureysens, E. Watkins, H. Reisinger, & Porsch., L. (2014). Development of Guidance on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/waste/eu_guidance/documents.html
Mühle, S., Balsam, I., & Cheeseman, C. R. (2010). Comparison of carbon emissions associated with municipal solid waste management in Germany and the UK. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(11), 793-801.
Muzenda, E., Belaid, M., Mollagee, M., Motampane, N., & Ntuli, F. (2011). Reflecting on waste management strategies for South Africa. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science (WCECS).
Nagabooshnam, J. K., & Ababa, A. (2011). Solid Waste Generation & Composition in Gaborone, Botswana. Potential for Resource Recovery. (Master Thesis), Linkoping University, Sweden. Retrieved from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:488964/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Nyamombe, W. C., & Gwisabi, R. D. (2015). . Open Journal of Applied & Theoretical Environmental Sciences (OJATES), 1(1), 56-71. http://theojal.com/issues.php?journal=OJATES&volume=VOL%201&issueName=Issue1
Oduro-Kwarteng, S., Anarfi, K. P., & Essandoh, H. M. K. (2016). Source separation and recycling potential of municipal solid waste in Ghana. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 27(2), 210-226. Accessed on 25 September 2016 on http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2015-0038
Ogwueleka, T. C. (2009). . Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., Vol. 6 (No. 3), 173-180.
Oomen, R. (2016). Compassion, relief and recycling. A case study of Tzu Chi in the Taiwanese recycling sector, focusing on incentive dynamics. (Master’s), National Chengchi University. Retrieved from http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/99868
Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance Programme (PICCAP) & Fiji Islands. (2005). Fijiʼs First National Communication under the Framework Convention on Climate Change Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/fjinc1.pdf.
Palanivel, T. M., & Sulaiman, H. (2014). Generation and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. APCBEE Procedia, 10, 96-102. doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2014.10.024
Pariatamby, A., & Tanaka, M. (2013). Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asia and the Pacific Islands: Challenges and Strategic Solutions: Springer Singapore.
Pichtel, J. (2014). Waste management practices: Municipal, hazardous, and industrial (2nd Ed.). Boca Raton, NW: Taylor & Francis Group
Pieters, R. G. M., & Verhallen, T. M. M. (1986). Participation in source separation projects: Design characteristics and perceived costs and benefits. Resources and Conservation, 12(2), 95-111.
Pizarro, I. O. (2014). Thesis for the degree of l icentiat e of engineering - turning waste into resources.pdf. (DEGREE OF LICENTIATE OF ENGINEERING), CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. Retrieved from http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/198028/198028.pdf
Population Reference Bureau (PRB), (2016). Understanding Population Projections: Assumptions behind the Numbers. Retrieved from:http://www.prb.org/pdf14/understanding-population-projections.pdf
Poulsen, O. M., Breum, N. O., Ebbehøj, N., Hansen, Å. M., Ivens, U. I., van Lelieveld, D., & Schibye, B. (1995). Sorting and recycling of domestic waste. Review of occupational health problems and their possible causes. Science of the total environment, 168(1), 33-56.
PretoriaNews. (2016). Separation at source: Solving waste crisis, changing lives. pressreader. Retrieved from https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/pretoria-news/20160913/282140700835368
Ramachandra, T. (2011). Integrated management of municipal solid waste Environmental Security: Human & Animal Health (pp. 465-484): IBDC.
Rhyner, Charles R (1995). Waste management and resource recovery. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
Ribic, B., Voca, N., & Ilakovac, B. (2017). Concept of sustainable waste management in the city of Zagreb: Towards the implementation of circular economy approach. J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 67(2), 241-259.
Rogoff, M. J., & Williams, J. F. (2012). Approaches to Implementing Solid Waste Recycling Facilities: Elsevier Science.
S. W. A. N. A. Applied Research Foundation, (2013). . http://www.energyjustice.net/files/dc/15_Source_Separation_and_Mixed_Waste_Recycling_Systems.pdf
S.E.A. (2000). NATIONAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR SWAZILAND-STATUS QUO ANALYSIS REPORT. Retrieved from: http://www.environment.gov.sz/files/nswms/statusquo.pdf
S.E.A. (2001). State Of Environment Report for Swaziland – Retrieved from http://www.environment.gov.sz/files/soer.pdf
S.E.A. (2003). Recycling Pilot Project in Mbabane – Main Report. Retrieved from http://www.environment.gov.sz/files/nswms/rec-mainreport.pdf
S.E.A. (2015). Swaziland Environment Authority. http://www.sea.org.sz/moredocs.asp?tid=4
Sakai, S., Ikematsu, T., Hirai, Y., & Yoshida, H. (2008). Unit-charging programs for municipal solid waste in Japan. Waste Manag, 28(12), 2815-2825.
Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G., & Trivedi, R. C. (2008). Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities - A review. Waste Manag, 28(2), 459-467.
Sharma, M., & McBean, E. (2007). A methodology for solid waste characterization based on diminishing marginal returns. Waste Manag, 27(3), 337-344.
Shekdar, A. V. (2009). Sustainable solid waste management: an integrated approach for Asian countries. Waste Manag, 29(4), 1438-1448.
Simelane, L. (2014). Swaziland slow to pick up on benefits of recycling. Business Report. Retrieved from http://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/swaziland-slow-to-pick-up-on-benefits-of-recycling-1737915
Srivastava, V., Ismail, S. A., Singh, P., & Singh, R. P. (2014). Urban solid waste management in the developing world with emphasis on India: challenges and opportunities. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 14(2), 317-337.
Statista (2015). Recycling rates worldwide in 2015, by select country. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/516456/rate-of-recycling-worldwide-by-key-country/
Strange, T., & Bayley, A. (2008). Sustainable Development: Linking economy, society, and environment. OECD Insights Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/insights/sustainabledevelopmentlinkingeconomysocietyenvironment.html
Supporting the Integrated Solid Waste Management in Gaza Strip. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, (No. 2).
Swaziland, World Population Review. (2016). Retrieved November 30, 2016, from http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/swaziland-population
Tai, J., Zhang, W., Che, Y., & Feng, D. (2011). Municipal solid waste source-separated collection in China: A comparative analysis. Waste Manag, 31(8), 1673-1682.
Tammemagi, H. Y. (1999). The Waste Crisis: Landfills, Incinerators, and the Search for a Sustainable Future: Oxford University Press.
Tchobanoglous, G., & Kreith, F. (2002). HANDBOOK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (Second ed.): McGraw-Hill.
Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., & Vigil, S. A. (1993). Integrated solid waste management: Engineering principles and management issues. New York: McGraw-Hill
The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency, Lesotho (2001). Retrieved 8 December 2016, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html
The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency, Taiwan (2017). Retrieved 15 July 2017, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tw.html
The world Factbook — central intelligence agency. Fiji, (2001). Retrieved 8 December 2016, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fj.html
The world Factbook — central intelligence agency. Guyana, (1989).Retrieved 10 December 2016, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gy.html
The world Factbook — central intelligence agency. South Africa, (2001). Retrieved 26 December 2016, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html
The world Factbook — central intelligence agency. Swaziland, (2001). Retrieved 8 December 2016, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/wz.html
Tyrrell, H. (2014). Diverting Household Waste from Landfill: Best-Practice Separation-at-Source Recycling amongst some Western Cape Municipalities. (Abridged conference paper as presented at WasteCon 2014, Somerset West). Retrieved from Cape Town: http://greenedge.co.za/2014/11/11/diverting-household-waste-landfill-best-practice-separation-source-recycling-amongst-western-cape-municipalities/
UNCT. (2012). RAPID ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE FISCAL CRISIS IN SWAZILAND. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/esaro/Impact_of_the_Fiscal_Crisis_in_Swaziland_February.pdf.
UN. (2016). Swaziland United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) 2016-2020. Office of the UN Resident Coordinator, Lilunga House, Somhlolo Road, Mbabane, Swazilannd. Retrieved from http://sz.one.un.org/content/dam/unct/swaziland/docs/Final%20Swaziland%20UNDAF%202016%20-%202020_11_March_2016%20(Electronic%20copy).pdf
UNDP. (2009). . UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME GUYANA Retrieved from http://www.gy.undp.org/content/guyana/en/home/library/human_development/Guyana_Country_Programme_Action_Plan_Review_2015.html.
UNEP, & ISWA. (2015). . Retrieved from http://web.unep.org/ietc/what-we-do/global-waste-management-outlook-gwmo.
UN-Habitat (2010). Solid waste management in the world’s cities. United Nations Human Settlement Program. Retrieved September 26, 2016, from https://unhabitat.org/books/solid-waste-management-in-the-worlds-cities-water-and-sanitation-in-the-worlds-cities-2010-2/
USAID (2009). Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa, 2nd Ed. Part II.15: Solid Waste. Retrieved from http://www.encapafrica.org/EGSSAA/solidwaste.pdf
Usapein, P., & Chavalparit, O. (2014). Development of sustainable waste management toward zero landfill waste for the petrochemical industry in Thailand using a comprehensive 3R methodology: A case study. Waste Manag Res, 32(6), 509-518.
Vehlow, J. (1996). Municipal solid waste management in Germany. Waste management, 16(5), 367-374.
Vesilind, P. A., Worrell, W. A., & Reinhart, D. R. (2002). Solid waste engineering. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Visvanathan, C., Tränkler, J., Kuruparan, P., Basnayake, B., Chiemchaisri, C., & Kurian, J. (2005). Asian regional research programme on sustainable solid waste landfill management in Asia.
WCED. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (A/42/427). Retrieved from http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf
Wen, L., Lin, C. H., & Lee, S. C. (2009). Review of recycling performance indicators: a study on collection rate in Taiwan. Waste Manag, 29(8), 2248-2256.
Wilson, D. C. (2007). Development drivers for waste management. Waste Manag Res, 25(3), 198-207.
Wilson, D. C., Velis, C. A., & Rodic, L. (2013). Integrated sustainable waste management in developing countries. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Waste and Resource Management, 166(2), 52-68.
World atlas. (2016). OECD Leading Countries in Recycling. Retrieved from http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/oecd-leading-countries-in-recycling.html
World Bank (2015). Lesotho, GDP Per Capita in current US dollars. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=LS
World Bank (2015). South Africa, GDP Per Capita in current US dollars. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZA
World Bank (2015). Swaziland, GDP Per Capita in current US dollars. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=SZ-FJ-GY-LS-ZA
World Bank. (2015). South Africa, GDP in current US dollars. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=ZA
World Bank. (2015). Swaziland, GDP in current US dollars. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=SZ-FJ-GY-LS-ZA
World Bank. (2015). Swaziland, Urban population (% of total). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=SZ
World Bank. (2015).Lesotho, GDP in current US dollars. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=LS
World Health Organization –WHO (1996). Healthy Cities-Healthy Islands. Guides for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Pacific Island Countries. Retrieved from http://www.wpro.who.int/environmental_health/documents/docs/pacificguide.pdf?ua=1

Yang, H.-L., & Innes, R. (2007). Economic Incentives and Residential Waste Management in Taiwan: An Empirical Investigation. Environmental & Resource Economics, 37(3), 489–519.
Yang, L., Li, Z.-S., & Fu, H.-Z. (2011). Model of Municipal Solid Waste Source Separation Activity: A Case Study of Beijing. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 61(2), 157-163. Accessed on 18 October 2016 on http://dx.doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.61.2.157
Zero Waste SA. (2016). Solid Waste and Recycling Reporting Template. Retrieved from http://www.zerowaste.sa.gov.au/upload/industry/toolkits-templates-and-guides/waste-management-toolkit/150811_Waste%20and%20Recycling%20Reporting%20Template%20-%20EXAMPLE.xlsx
Zhang, D. Q., Tan, S. K., & Gersberg, R. M. (2010). Municipal solid waste management in China: status, problems and challenges. J Environ Manage, 91(8), 1623-1633.
Zhang, D., Keat, T. S., & Gersberg, R. M. (2010). A comparison of municipal solid waste management in Berlin and Singapore. Waste Manag, 30(5), 921-933.
Zhuang, Y., Wu, S. W., Wang, Y. L., Wu, W. X., & Chen, Y. X. (2008). Source separation of household waste: a case study in China. Waste Manag, 28(10), 2022-2030.
ZOU, X. (2011). Municipal solid waste management in china with focus on on-site waste separation.pdf. Retrieved from: http://r-cube.ritsumei.ac.jp/bitstream/10367/3651/1/51209626.pdf
指導教授 林居慶、廖萬里(Chu-Ching Lin Wan-Li, Liao) 審核日期 2017-7-25
推文 facebook   plurk   twitter   funp   google   live   udn   HD   myshare   reddit   netvibes   friend   youpush   delicious   baidu   
網路書籤 Google bookmarks   del.icio.us   hemidemi   myshare   

若有論文相關問題,請聯絡國立中央大學圖書館推廣服務組 TEL:(03)422-7151轉57407,或E-mail聯絡  - 隱私權政策聲明