城市非正式性與巴黎協議 - 貧民窟整合至未來COP21氣候變遷政策

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：16

、訪客IP：3.21.106.69

姓名

何希(JOSE RAFAEL NUNEZ COLLADO) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

國際永續發展碩士在職專班

論文名稱

城市非正式性與巴黎協議 - 貧民窟整合至未來COP21氣候變遷政策
(URBAN INFORMALITY AND THE PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT - SLUMS INTEGRATION INTO POST COP21 CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES)

相關論文

★ 政府部門導入資訊安全管理系統之分析	★ 專業營造廠商監督管理能力對品質成本影響之探討 -以柔性鋪面工程為例
★ 營造業施工安全評估與風險評估制度精進之研究	★ 運用知識本體與電腦模擬技術推估品質成本之研究-以柔性鋪面工程為例
★ 整合專案交付契約之研究-以ConsensusDocs文件為中心	★ 建立以層級分析法為基礎的洪災計畫評估模型- 以印尼雅加達為例
★ 臺北市污水下水道用戶接管開口契約內容及執行案例之研究	★ 應用知識本體技術協助建築專案單價分析作業之研究
★ 以貝式信念網路為基礎之工作危害分析與風險評估方法	★ 危險性工作場所審查機制之研究
★ 國內建築工程規劃設計及監造為同一廠商辦理現況問題之研究	★ 台灣家族企業接班佈局之個案研究-以中國砂輪公司為例
★ 以安全氣候評估國內營造業分包制度與勞工安全之研究-以台灣北部營造業為例	★ 營建工地人為錯誤分析之認知因子辨識與涵義
★ 專案層級河川工程永續營建評估指標系統建立之研究	★ 綠建築與房地產投資影響因子關聯性之探討

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

2015年史無前例的國際合作，促成了永續發展目標和巴黎氣候協定　(COP21) 的簽署採用，這些新興協議將會影響各國的施政方針，導向更加永續發展的未來。本論文連結了巴黎協議以及城市非正式性。城市非正規貧困社區（貧民窟）經常被排除在全球協議的衍生政策之外；而此次協議中，首次看見各國發布各自的國家自定預期貢獻(INDCs)，以限制溫室氣體排放量、對抗氣候變遷。與此協議相關之文獻主要可區分為兩個面向：其一，許多研究以量化INDCs的總和來衡量此協議的整體有效性；其二，有些研究關注於分析可能的潛在策略，來幫助各國或各地區（多數為已開發區域）達成其宣言。這樣的面向形成了明顯的差距，例如：此協議針對開發中國家的衍生政策為何？及城市非正規貧困社區在巴黎協議以及INDCs所能發揮的作用為何？

　　本論文的初始假設為：開發中國家被普遍認定為氣候變遷下的弱勢族群，而在開發中國家裡，城市非正規貧困社區更是最弱勢的一群，卻被排除在全球性或是國家協議之外。本論文運用社會科學方法，分析28個高度城市化、且非正式住區極為普遍的開發中國家之INDCs，並藉此釐清貧民窟在後COP21政策中所扮演的角色。在分析的過程中，本研究發現了許多重大的問題，其中一項為所分析的國家中絕大多數都未針對貧民窟實施任何具體行動或政策。在此同時，多數的INDCs都接受了國際性有條件的財政支援以及技術轉移，這使其本身的可靠性受到限制。某種程度上，巴黎協議也同樣遭遇了京都議定書的困境，開發中國家的貢獻將會成為這新新興協議成功的關鍵，尤其是當美國──全世界第二大的溫室氣體排放國──已經公開退出巴黎協定。

　　考慮到開發中國家對於協議成功的重要性，並且將城市非正規貧困社區對於氣候政策的需求納入考量，本論文提出了一個貧民窟改善計畫的推行架構，此架構中的減輕策略與調適策略將有助於開發中國家達成其於協議中的承諾，同時也能改善貧民窟的適應能力、彈性以及連結性。此架構之發展係基於INDCs的結構、廣泛的文獻回顧、於菲律賓馬尼拉以及多明尼加聖地牙哥內的非正式住區進行之實地考察、以及與專家的談訪。本研究旨在藉由增加人們對這些城市非正式住區於全球尺度氣候政策中所扮演的重要角色的理解，來對現今城市非正式性的爭論及論述帶來貢獻。

摘要(英)

Unprecedented international cooperation in 2015 resulted in the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement (COP21). These emergent regimes will influence public policies to guide nations towards a more sustainable future. This thesis links the Paris Agreement to Urban Informality. Informal urban poor communities (slums) are often neglected from policies derivatives from global agreements. The agreement saw for the first time all the countries of the world proposing Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to limit greenhouse gasses emissions and combat climate change. The literature on the agreement has followed two main streams; on one side, many studies quantify the sum of the INDCs to determine the overall effectiveness of the agreement. On the other, studies focus on analyzing potential strategies that can help countries or regions (mostly in the developed world) achieve their pledges. Significant gaps have resulted from this. For instance, what will be the policies derivatives of the agreement in developing countries? And, what is the proposed role of informal urban poor communities in the Paris Agreement and INDCs?

The initial hypothesis of the thesis was that while developing countries are widely considered the most vulnerable to climate change, inside the developing world, the informal urban poor are the most vulnerable and have been left out of policies derivatives from global or national accords. This thesis analyzed, using social sciences methodologies, the INDCs of 28 highly urbanized developing countries and with high prevalence of informal settlements in order to understand the proposed role of slums in post COP21 policies. The analysis uncovered significant flaws such as that the majority of analyzed countries do not have any specific actions or policies for these territories. At the same time, most of the analyzed INDCs are conditional to international financial support and technology transfer, which limits their reliability. In a way, the wounds of the Kyoto Protocol are still present in Paris. The contributions of developing countries will be crucial for the emergent agreement to succeed; this is especially true after the United States (the planet’s second bigger contributor to global warming) publicly left the agreement.

In this line, considering the importance of developing countries for the success of the agreement and taking into account the needs of climate policies in informal urban poor communities, this thesis proposed an implementation framework for slum upgrading projects that can contribute to developing countries pledge’s with mitigation and adaption strategies, and at the same time help increase the adaptive capacity, resiliency and connectivity of slums. The framework is built upon the structure of the INDCs, as well as on extensive literature review, field research in informal settlements in Manila and Santiago de los Caballeros, and experts interviews.
This thesis aims at contributing to the current debates and discourses on urban informality by expanding the understanding of the critical role of these urban territories in global scale climate policies.

關鍵字(中)

★ 城市非正式
★ 巴黎協議
★ 貧民窟
★ 環境政策
★ 氣候變化

關鍵字(英)

★ Urban Informality
★ Paris Agreement
★ COP21
★ Slums
★ Environmental Policy
★ Climate Change

論文目次

English Abstract i
Chinese Abstract iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Figures viii
List of Tables xi
List of Acronyms xii

CHAPTER I. Introduction 1
1.1. Background and Context 1
1.2 Problem Statement and Current Gaps 5
1.2.1 Climate change as a problem in slums 5
1.2.2 Gaps of the Paris COP21 agreement 6
1.2.3 Gaps in the existing literature 8
1.3 Research Questions 9
1.4 Thesis Objectives 9
1.5 Thesis Structure 10

CHAPTER II. Invisible Territories. A Perspective on Urban Informality 11
2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Urbanization 12
2.3 Formation and Definition of Slums 13
2.3.1 The formation of slums 13
2.3.2 Slums as ecological patterns 14
2.3.3 Definitions 16
2.4 Slums, The Conceptual Idea 18
2.5 Historical Perspective 21
2.6 Interventions of the Informal City 25
2.6.1 Clearance and relocation 26
2.6.2 Freedom to build 26
2.6.3 Slum upgrading 27
2.7 Reference Case Studies 28
2.7.1 Methodology 28
Case Study 1: Half Houses by Elemental. Typology 33
Case Study 2: Medellin: From Social Violence to Social Urbanism. Territory 35
Case Study 3: La Nueva Barquita, Santo Domingo. Scheme 40
Case Study 4: Territorial Layers. Urban Think Tank 42
2.7.2 Conclusions and discussions on case studies 44
2.8 Chapter 2 Summary 47

CHAPTER III. Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Strategies in Informal Settlements in a pre COP21 Climate Agreement setting 50
PART 1. Literature Review
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 The Concept of Vulnerability 50
3.3 Vulnerability to Climate Change 51
3.4 Drivers of Vulnerabilities in Slums 53
3.4.1 Main factors 54
3.4.2 Main climate change risks and their effects on slums 58
3.5 Grassroot Adaptation Strategies in Informal Settlements 60
3.51 Adaptation strategies to different hazards 61
PART 2. Field Research
3.6 Documenting vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies. Case study of urban informality in Barangay Santa Lucia, Manila 69
3.6.1 Methodology used 70
3.6.2 Manila and Barangay Santa Lucia 71
3.7 Findings 76
3.7.1 Situation and vulnerabilities 76
3.7.2 Adaptation Strategies 78
3.7.3 Other social issues expanded with climate change 80
3.7.4 Another form of politics 81
3.7.5 Conclusions 84
3.8 Chapter 3 Summary 85

CHAPTER IV. Urban Informality and the Built Environment in the Paris Agreement and INDCs of Developing Countries 88
4.1 Introduction 88
4.2 Background: the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol 88
4.2.1 The UNFCCC 88
4.2.2 COPs 89
4.2.3 Kyoto Protocol 89
4.3 Paris COP21 Agreement 90
4.3.1 How is the Paris Agreement different from the Kyoto Protocol? 91
4.3.2 Analysis of the main document 92
4.3.3 Importance of the Paris Agreement 96
4.4 Developing Countries INDCs. A plead for Slums Inclusion 98
4.4.1 INDC definition 98
4.4.2 Importance of developing countries INDCs 99
4.4.3 Adaptation component of INDCs. 101
4.5 Analyzing Developing Countries with High Urban Rate and Slums INDCs 102
4.5.1 Analysis methods 102
4.5.2 Results 106
4.5.3 Importance of mentioning specifically informal settlements 110
4.5.4 Conclusions on INDCs analysis 111
4.6 Role of Urbanism and Architecture in the INDCs 113
4.6.1 Buildings 115
4.6.2 Urban planning and design 117
4.7 Chapter 4 Summary 121

CHAPTER V. Integrating Informal Settlements into Paris COP21 Agreement Polices. A Framework 124
5.1 Introduction 124
5.2 Integrating Slums into Post-COP21 Policies 125
5.2.1 National or city public policy 126
5.2.2 Institutional support 127
5.2.3 Private (and public) sector involvement 128
5.2.4 Integration to UNFCCC related programs 129
5.3 Experts and Stakeholders Survey 130
5.4 Proposed Framework 133
5.5 Design Methodologies 139

CHAPTER VI. Conclusions 142
6.1 Thesis Contributions 142
6.2 Future Visions and Recommendations 148
6.3 Limitations and Opportunities for Future Research 150

BIBLIOGRAPHY 152
APPENDIXES 175

參考文獻

Abbott, John. Upgrading an Informal Settlement in Cape Town South Africa Tranberg Hansen, Karen; Vaa, Mariken (eds). Reconsidering Informality. Perspectives from Urban Africa. 2004. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 193-209
Acolin, Arthur, Shahana Chattaraj, & Susan M. Wachter. «Urban Governance and Development of Informality in China and India» In Slums: How Informal Real Estate Markets Work, by Eugenie L. Birch, Shahana Chattaraj & Susan M. Wachter. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.
Adaman, Fikret, & Oya Pınar Ardıç. «Social Exclusion in the Slum Areas of Large Cities in Turkey» New Perspectives on Turkey 38, 2008: 29-60.
Adger, W. Neil. «Vulnerability » Global Environmental Change, 2006: 268–281.
Adger, W. Neil, & P. Mick Kelly. «Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and the Architecture of Entitlements » Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 1999: 253-266.
Alcayna, Tilly. Slum Socio-Ecology: An Exploratory Characterization of Vulnerability to Climate-Change Related Disasters in the Urban Context. DisasterNet Philippines Program, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, 2016.
AlSayyad, Nezar. «Urban Informality as a "New" Way of Life» in Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia, by Ananya Roy y Nezar AlSayyad, 7-28. Lexington Books, 2004.
Alves, Guillermo. Slum Growth in Brazilian Cities. Job Market Paper, Providence, R.I.: Brown University, 2016.
Annez, Patricia Clarke, & Robert M. Buckley. «Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context» Urbanization and Growth 1, 2009: 1-45.
Aquilino, Marie. Beyond Shelter: Architecture and Human Dignity. Metropolis Books, 2011.
Aravena, Alejandro. «TED» My Architectural Philosophy? Bring the Community to the Process. 2014. https://www.ted.com/talks/alejandro_aravena_my_architectural_philosophy_bring_the_community_into_the_process (last access: February 18 2017).
Aravena, Alejandro, ed. Elemental: Incremental Housing and Participatory Design Manual. Hatje/Cantz, 2012.
ArchDaily. (Trans. Quintana, Lorena). «Metro Cable Caracas / Urban-Think Tank» 2013. http://www.archdaily.com/429744/metro-cable-caracas-urban-think-tank (last access: February 18 2017).
Architecture 2030. «Why the Building Sector? » Architecture 2030. 2013. http://architecture2030.org/buildings_problem_why/ (last access: April 2 2017).
Arias, Enrique Desmond. Drugs and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro: Trafficking, Social Networks, and Public Security. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
Arimah, Ben C. The Face of Urban Poverty: Explaining the Prevalence of Slums in Developing Countries. Working paper, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2010.
Arsenault, Chris. "Ahead of Olympics, Brazilian Map Neglected Favelas to Boost Business." Reuters. 2016. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-landrights-idUSKCN1070G8 (accessed Feb 14, 2017).
Ballard, Richard. «Middle class neighborhoods or ‘African kraals’? The Impact of Informal Settlements and Vagrants on Post-Apartheid White Identity» Urban Forum, 2004: 48-73.
Bang, Guri, Jon Hovi, & Tora Skodvin. «The Paris Agreement: Short-Term and Long-Term Effectiveness» Politics and Governance, 2016: 209-218.
Banks, Nicola, Manoj Roy, & David Hulme. «Neglecting the Urban Poor in Bangladesh: Research, Policy and Action in the Context of Climate Change» Environment and Urbanization Vol.23, 2011: 487-502.
Beall, Lester. Slums Breed Crime. MoMA (Museum of Modern Art), New York.
Becerril Miranda, Hector. Slum Upgrading Role for Housing Policy and Governance [trans]formation[s]. From Favela-Bairro to Morar Carioca, investigating the case of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Doctoral Dissertation, London: University College of London (UCL), 2014.
Beck, Ulrich. World at Risk. Cambridge: Polity, 2009.
Bell, Bryan, & Katie Wakeford. Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism. Metropolis Books, 2008.
Bhatta, Basudeb. «Causes and Consequences of Urban Growth and Sprawl» in Analysis of Urban Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data, by Basudeb Bhatta, 17-36. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010.
Birch, Eugenie L., Shahana Chattaraj, & Susan M. Wachter. Slums. How Informal Real Estate Markets Work. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.
Birkland, Thomas A. An Introduction to the Policy Process. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2011.
Boano, Camillo, & Emily Kelling. «Towards an Architecture of Dissensus: Participatory Urbanism in South-East Asia» Footprint. The Participatory Turn in Urbanism, 2013: 41-62.
Boano, Camillo, & Giovanna Astolfo. «Informal Urbanism, City Building Processes and Design Responsibility. » I Quaderni di
Urbanistica Tre vol.4, no. 8, 2016: 51-60.
Boano, Camilo, & Francesco Vergara. «Half Happy Architecture. » Zeroundicipiu. 2016. http://www.zeroundicipiu.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/VV04_ENG_091.pdf (accessed February 6 2017).
Boano, Camilo, & Francisco Vergara. «Bajo escasez. ¿Media casa basta? Reflexiones sobre el Pritzker de Alejandro Aravena » Arquitecturas Colectivas, 2016: 37-46.
Bomberg, Elizabeth. «Policy Learning in an Enlarged European Union: Environmental NGOs and New Policy Instruments» Journal of European Public Policy, 2007: 248-268.
Brakarz, José, & Laura Jaitman. Evaluation of Slum Upgrading Programs: Literature Review and Methodological Approaches. Washington, D.C.: IDB- Inter-American Development Bank, 2013.
Brand, Peter, & Julio Davila. «Aerial Cable-Car Systems for Public Transport in Low-Income Urban Areas: Lessons from Medellin, Colombia» Paper Presented in Track 11 (Transportation, Infrastructure and Planning) at the 3rd World Planning Schools Congress, 2011.
Briassoulis, Helen. «Sustainable Development and its Indicators: Through a (Planner′s) Glass Darkly» Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2001: 409-427.
Brodzinsky, Sibylla. «Cities. The Guardian» From Murder Capital to Model City: is Medellin’s Miracle Show or Substance? April 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/apr/17/medellin-murder-capital-to-model-city-miracle-un-world-urban-forum (accessed February 17 2017).
Bromwich, Jonah Engel. «Flooding in the South Looks a Lot Like Climate Change» The New York Times. August 17 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/17/us/climate-change-louisiana.html (accessed September 12 2016).
Bulkeley, Harriet, & Michele Betsill. Cities and Climate Change. Urban Sustainability and Global Environmental Governance. London: Routledge, 2003.
Bullard, Robert D., & Glenn S. Johnson. «Environmentalism and Public Policy: Environmental Justice: Grassroots Activism and its Impact on Public Policy Decision Making» Journal of Social Issues, 2000: 555-578.
Bulmer, Martin. The Chicago School of Sociology: Institutionalization, Diversity, and the Rise of Sociological Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Burstein, Paul, & April Linton. «The impact of political parties, interest groups, and social movement organizations on public policy: Some recent evidence and theoretical concerns» Social Forces, 2002: 380-408.
Busch, Jonah. «Climate Change and Development in Three Charts.» Center for Global Development. 18 de August de 2015. https://www.cgdev.org/blog/climate-change-and-development-three-charts (Accessed: July 25, 2017).
Butcher-Gollach, Colleen. «Planning, The Urban Poor and Climate Change in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Unmitigated Disaster or Inclusive Adaptation? » International Development Planning Review, 2015: 225-248.
Cahn, Claude. «Slums, The Right to Adequate Housing and the Ban on Discrimination» The Equal Rights Review, Vol.1, 2008: 60-64.
CAT. «Climate Action Tracker» INDCs Lower Projected Warming to 2.7˚C. 2015. http://climateactiontracker.org/assets/publications/CAT_global_temperature_update_October_2015.pdf (accessed August 2 2016).
Chaolin, G. U., W. U. Liya, & Ian Cook. «Progress in Research on Chinese Urbanization» Frontiers of Architectural Research Vol.1, no. 2, 2012: 101-149.
Chatterjee, Monalisa. «Slum Dwellers Response to Flooding events in Megacities of India» Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2010: 337–353.
Cities Alliance. «Cities Alliance, Cities without Slums» About Slum Upgrading. 2016. http://www.citiesalliance.org/About-slum-upgrading#Why_is_slum_upgrading_important (accessed February 15 2017).
CLACC. Climate Change and the Urban Poor. Risk and Resilience in 15 of the World′s Most Vulnerable Cities. Capacity Strengthening in the Least Developed Countries for Adaptation to Climate Change. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) 2009.
Clark, Duncan. «The Guardian, Environment Blog» Has the Kyoto protocol made any difference to carbon emissions? November 26 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2012/nov/26/kyoto-protocol-carbon-emissions (accessed March 26 2017).
Clémençon, Raymond. «The two Sides of the Paris Climate Agreement: Dismal Failure or Historic Breakthrough? » The Journal of Environment & Development, 2016: 3-24.
Climate Action Tracker. «Tracking INDCs. Assessment of Mitigation Contributions to the Paris Agreement» Climate Action Tracker. 2016. http://climateactiontracker.org/indcs.html (accessed March 14 2017).
Clos, Joan. «From COP21 to the New Urban Agenda» UN Chronicle, 2015: 4.
Compact of Mayors. Compact of Mayors. 2017. https://www.compactofmayors.org (accessed August 4 2017).
Conner, Dary. «Social Architecture; A Balanced Call to Action» People and Strategy, Vol.37(1). 2014. http://search.proquest.com/docview/1753212989?accountid=12690.
Cardoso, Ana Cláudia. The Informally Built Space as a Means to Achieve Life Chances. Proceedings from the International Conference "Adequate & Affordable Housing for All". Toronto. June 24-27, 2004.
Cronin, Victoria Louise Molly. Slum Upgrading in India and Kenya: Investigating the Sustainability. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2012.
Cuenca Ozama. «Cuenca Ozama.» Comisión de la Readecuación de La Barquita. 2013. http://www.cuencaozama.com/la-barquita/lnb-proyecto.php (accessed February 16 2017).
Dasgupta, Basab & Lall, Somik V. «Assessing Benefits of Slum Upgrading Programs in Second-Best Settings» in Urban Land Markets. Improving Land Management for Successful Urbanization, edited by Somik V. Lall, Mila Freire, Belinda Yuen, Robin Rajack & Jean-Jacques Helluin, 225-251. Springer Netherlands, 2009.
Davidson, Steve. Lessons for Detroit from Medellin, Colombia. Optimism and Innovation in the World’s Former Murder Capital. Blue paper, University of Michigan: Erb Institute Report No. 142, 2015.
Dávila, Julio D., & Diana Daste. Medellin’s Aerial Cable-Cars: Social Inclusion and Reduced Emissions. Development Planning Unit, University College London, London: UNEP, 2012.
Davis, Mike. «Ecology against Capitalism: Slum Ecology» Socialist Review, 2005.
—. Planet of Slums. London: Verso, 2006.
DBM-PH, Department of Budget and Management. Sources of Income of the Barangay. Public Information, Manila: Government of the Philippines, 2012.
De Soto, Hernando. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
DeLeon, Patrick H., Anne M. O′keefe, Gary R. VandenBos, & Alan G. Kraut. «How to influence public policy: A blueprint for activism» American Psychologist, 1982: 476.
Dewan, Ashraf. Floods in a Megacity. Geospatial Techniques in Assessing Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability. Springer Netherlands, 2013.
Di Robilant, Nicola. «The Paris Agreement and the Major Emerging Economies» Aspenia. 15 de 12 de 2015. https://www.aspeninstitute.it/aspenia-online/article/paris-agreement-and-major-emerging-economies (accessed April 24 2017).
Dimitrov, Radoslav S. «The Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Behind Closed Doors» Global Environmental Politics, 2016: 1-11.
Dodman, David, & David Satterthwaite. «Institutional Capacity, Climate Change Adaptation and the Urban Poor» IDS Bulletin Vol.39, 2008: 67-74.
Dovey, Kim, and Ross King. "Informal urbanism and the taste for slums." Tourism Geographies 14, no. 2 (2012): 275-293.
Echeverri R., Alejandro, & Francesco M. Orsini. «Informalidad y Urbanismo Social en Medellin.» World Urban Campaign, 2010: 130-152.
Ekholm, Tommi, & Tomi J. Lindroos. An Analysis of Countries′ Climate Change Mitigation Contributions Towards the Paris Agreement. White Paper, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, 2015.
«Eliminate Crime in the Slums Through Housing» New York: Federal Art Project. Library of Congress cph 3b48898 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3b48898. New York, 1936.
La Lucha de Ana (Anna′s Struggle). Directed by Bladimir Abud. Vértigo Films Fabud Films. 2012.
Fainstein, Susan S. The Just City. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010.
Fan, Chien Te. Will the Paris Agreement provide positive or negative outcomes for Developing Countries? Working Paper, Singapore: School of Law, National University of Singapore, 2016.
FAO. Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Challenges and Opportunities in the Food Sector. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2012.
Slumdog Millionaire. Directed by Danny Boyle. Fox Searchlight Pictures. 2008.
Fox, Justin. «How Hugo Chavez Trashed Latin America′s Richest Economy» Bloomberg. 2015. https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2015-08-27/how-hugo-chavez-trashed-latin-america-s-richest-economy (accessed February 15 2017).
Fox, Sean Robert. The Political Economy of Urbanization and Development in sub-Saharan Africa. London: PhD thesis. London School of Economics (LSE), 2013.
Francis, Mark. «A Case Study Method for Landscape Architecture» Landscape Journal, 2001: 15-29.
Freudenberger, Mark, & David Miller. «Climate Change, Property Rights, & Resource Governance. Emerging Implications for USG Policies And Programming. » USAID. January 01, 2010. https://www.land-links.org/issue-brief/climate-change-property-rights-and-resource-governance-emerging-implications-for-usg-policies-and-programming/ (accessed: June 12 2017).
Friedman, Lawrence M. «Government and Slum Housing: Some General Considerations» Law and Contemporary Problems, 1967: 357-370.
Gallopin, Gilberto C. «Linkages Between Vulnerability, Resilience, and Adaptive Capacity» Global Environmental Change, 2006: 293-303.
Gandy, Matthew. "Learning from Lagos." New Left Review 33 (2005): 37.
Garcia, Emilio Jose. The Application of Ecological Resilience to Urban Landscapes. PhD Thesis. Department of Architecture, Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington, 2013.
Genovaitė, Liobikienė, & Mindaugas Butkus. «The European Union Possibilities to Achieve Targets of Europe 2020 and Paris Agreement Climate Policy» Renewable Energy, 2017: 298-309.
Glaeser, Edward L. «A world of cities: The Causes and Consequences of Urbanization in Poorer Countries» Journal of the European Economic Association Vol.12, no. 5, 2014: 1154-1199.
Gomez, Marcos, interview by Jose Rafael Nunez Collado. Experiences of Slum Relocation in Dominican Republic (August 17 2015).
Gough, Clair, & Simon Shackley. «The Respectable Politics of Climate Change: The Epistemic Communities and NGOs» International Affairs, 2001: 329-346.
Gouverneur, David. Planning and Design for Future Informal Settlements. New York: Routledge, 2015.
Grant, Jill. Planning the Good Community: New Urbanism in Theory and Practice. Taylor & Francis, 2006.
Groat, Linda, & David Wang. Architectural Research Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, INC, 2002.
Grunbaum, Luke. «From Kyoto to Paris: How Bottom-Up Regulation Could Revitalize the UNFCCC» Stanford Environmental Law Journal (SELJ), 2015: https://journals.law.stanford.edu/stanford-environmental-law-journal-elj/blog/kyoto-paris-how-bottom-regulation-could-revitalize-unfccc.
Hammond, Allen, & WRI. Environmental Indicators: A Systematic Approach to Measuring and Reporting on Environmental Policy Performance in the Context of Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 1995.
Hardoy, Jorge E., Diana Mitlin, & David Satterthwaite. Environmental Problems in an Urbanizing World: Finding Solutions in Cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Routledge, 2013.
Hardoy, Jorgelina, & Gustavo Pandiella. «Urban Poverty and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Latin America» Environment & Urbanization, 2009: 203-224.
Harvey, Fiona. «The Guardian. Environment» Paris Climate Change Agreement: The World′s Greatest Diplomatic Success. December 14 2015. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/paris-climate-deal-cop-diplomacy-developing-united-nations (Accessed March 17 2017).
Helfenstein, Josef, & Laureen Shipsi. Art and Activism. Projects of John and Dominique de Menil. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 2010.
Herrle, Peter, Josefine Fokdal, Astrid Ley, & Sonja Nebel. The New Urban Agenda: The Role of Partnerships Between Organized Civil Society and Governments in Fostering a Sustainable Future for all Cities. Technical Background Paper, Cities Alliance. Cities without Slums, 2016.
Holsti, Ole R. "Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities." (1969): Addison-Wesley Pub. Co
Hossain, Zakir. Pro-Poor Urban Adaptation to Climate Change in Bangladesh: A Study of Urban Extreme Poverty, Vulnerability and Asset Adaptation. PhD Dissertation, Edinburgh: Heriot-Watt University, 2014.
Houghton, John T. Climate change 1995: The Science of Climate Change: Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Hovi, Jon, Detlef F. Sprinz, & Guri Bang. «Why the United States did not Become a Party to the Kyoto Protocol: German, Norwegian, and US perspectives» European Journal of International Relations Vol.18, 2012: 129-150.
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, and Sarah E. Shannon. "Three approaches to qualitative content analysis." Qualitative Health Research 15, no. 9 (2005): 1277-1288.
Hsu, Angel, Amy J. Weinfurter, & Xu Kaiyang. «Aligning Sub-National Climate Actions for the new post-Paris Climate Regime» Climatic Change, 2017: 419-432.
IEA-UNDP. Modernizing Building Energy Codes to Secure our Global Energy Future. New York: International Energy Agency and United Nations Development Program, 2013.
IHC. Adapting to Climate Change; Cities and the Urban Poor. Report, Washington, D.C: International Housing Coalition, 2011.
INCONCERCA. La Barquita. Presentation, Santo Domingo: Cuenca Ozama, 2015.
Ingennus. La Barquita. 2015. https://www.ingennus.com/en/proyectos/la-barquita/ (accessed February 2 2017).
Ingham, J.A. City Slums. A Political Thesis. Oxon: Routledge, 1889.
Jabeen, Huraera, Cassidy Johnson, & Adriana Allen. «Built-in Resilience: Learning from Grassroots Coping Strategies for Climate Variability» Environment & Urbanization (IIED), 2010: 415-431.
Jankowska, Marta M., John R. Weeks, & Ryan Engstrom. «Do the Most Vulnerable People Live in the Worst Slums? A Spatial Analysis of Accra, Ghana» Ann GIS- National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2013: 221–235.
JICA-CODEM. «CODEM» La Prensa. 2010. http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/488698-97/128-barrios-y-colonias-de-la-capital-en-grave-riesgo.
Jochnick, Chris. «Secure Land Rights and Climate Change Resilience go Hand in Hand: Here′s Why.» Thomson Reuters Foundation. June 2nd 2016. http://news.trust.org/item/20160602085914-nfeqd/ (accessed: June 10, 2017).
Jorgenson, Adrew K., James Rice, & Brett Clark. «Cities, Slums and Energy Consumption in Less Developed Countries, 1990 to 2005» Organization & Environment, 2010: 189-204.
Jury Citation. «The Pritzker Architecture Prize» Alejandro Aravena. 2016. http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2016/jury-citation (accessed February 12 2017).
Kamalipour, Hesam. «Forms of Informality and Adaptations in Informal Settlements» International Journal or Architectural Research, 2016: 60-75.
Katich, Kristina Noel. Urban Climate Resilience. A Global Assessment of City Adaptation Plans. Master′s Thesis, Cambridge, MA: MIT Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, & Massimo Mastruzzi. «The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues» Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 2011: 220-246.
Kelman, Ilan, & Jennifer J. West. «Climate Change and Small Island Developing States: a Critical Review» Ecological and Environmental Anthropology 5, 2009: 1-16.
Kimmelman, Michael. «The New York Times» Rising Waters Threaten China’s Rising Cities. April 7 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/04/07/world/asia/climate-change-china.html?_r=0 (accessed May 23 2017).
Korody, Nicholas. «What the Paris Agreement Means for Architecture» Archinet. December 18 2015. http://archinect.com/news/article/143667350/what-the-paris-agreement-means-for-architecture (accessed September 21 2016).
Kreft, Sönke, David Eckstein, & Inga Melchior. Global Climate Risk Index 2017. Briefing Paper, Bonn: Germanwatch e.V., 2016.
Krippendorff, Klaus. Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology. Sage, 2004.
Kroeze, Carolien, Jaklien Vlasblom, Joyeeta Gupta, Christiaan Boudri, & Kornelis Blok. «The Power sector in China and India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Potential and Scenarios for 1990–2020» Energy Policy, 2004: 55-76.
Kukoh, Jalan. The Hidden Slums, Bringing About an Alteration in Attitude of Singaporeans Towards Poverty. Singapore, 2014.
Lab, SLUM. SLUM Lab. Sustainable Urban Living Model. 2015. http://slumlab.org/ (accessed March 12 2017).
Lagman, Marco Stefan B. «Informal Settlements as Spatial Outcomes of Everyday Forms of Resistance: The Case of Three Depressed Communities in Quezon City» Philippine Social Science Review, 2012: 1-31.
LEDS-GP. «Fight Poverty by Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Transport» Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership, 2016.
Leech, Beth L. «Asking Questions: Techniques for Semi Structured Interviews» Political Science & Politics Vol.35, no. 04, 2002: 665-668.
Leech, Nancy L., & Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie. «An Array of Qualitative Data Analysis Tools: A Call for Data Analysis Triangulation» School Psychology Quarterly 22, 2007: 557-584.
Levin, Kelly et al. Designing and Preparing Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 2015.
Lincoln, Yvonna S. «Emerging Criteria for Quality in Qualitative and Interpretive Research» Qualitative Inquiry Vol.1, no. 3, 1995: 275-289.
Lomborg, Bjorn. «Dear World Bank, Poverty is More Urgent than Global Warming» The Australian April 30 2016. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/bjorn-lomborg/dear-world-bank-poverty-is-more-urgent-than-global-warming/news-story/e4bc03cb6e0f982804548fc3a60a44d3 (accessed June 20 2017).
Lucon, Oswaldo et al. «2014: Buildings» in Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, by O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler & I. Baum, S. Edenhofer, 671-738. Cambridge (U.K.) and New York (USA): Cambridge University Press, 2014.
McCarthy, Mark P., Martin J. Best, & Richard A. Betts. «Climate Change in Cities due to Global Warming and Urban Effects» Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 9, 2010.
Magalhaes, Fernanda, & Francesco Di Villarosa. Slum Upgrading. Lessons Learned from Brazil. Washington, D.C.: IDB- Inter-American Development Bank, 2012.
Makido, Yasuyo, Shobhakar Dhakal, & Yoshiki Yamagata. «Relationship Between Urban Form and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Fifty Japanese Cities» Urban Climate, 2012: 55-67.
Maloney, William A., Grant Jordan, & Andrew M. McLaughlin. «Interest Groups and Public Policy: The Insider/Outsider Model Revisited» Journal of Public Policy, 1994: 17-38.
Mason, Paul. «Dirty Secret of the Modern Mega-City» New Statesman, 2011: 24–28.
McFarlane, Colin. «The Entrepreneurial Slum: Civil Society, Mobility and the Co-production of Urban Development» Urban Studies, 2012: 2795–2816.
McGuirk, Justin. Radical Cities. Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture. London: Verso, 2015.
Mearns, Robin, & Andrew Norton. Social Dimensions of Climate Change: Equity and Vulnerability in a Warming World. Washington D.C.: The World Bank, 2010.
Meyer, Robinson. «The Atlantic» A Reader′s Guide to the Paris Agreement. The Most Important Piece of International Diplomacy in years, Deciphered. December 16 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/12/a-readers-guide-to-the-paris-agreement/420345/ (accessed March 27 2017).
Miles, Matthew B., & Michael Huberman. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Sourcebook. Beverly Hills : Sage Publications, 1994.
Miranda, M, P. Riquelme, A. Lobo, & C. Burgos. «La Tercera.» Vecinos Relatan Cómo es Vivir en las Casas Diseñadas por Alejandro Aravena. 2016. http://www.latercera.com/noticia/vecinos-relatan-como-es-vivir-en-las-casas-disenadas-por-alejandro-aravena/ (accessed February 15 2017).
Mitchell, Jon P. «Ethnography» In The SAGE Handbook of Social Science Methodology, by William Outhwaite & Stephen P. Turner, 55-67. London: SAGE Publications, 2007.
Momoh, Job Unekwu. Sustainable Urbanism and its Assessment in Developing Countries: The Nigerian case. PhD dissertation,
Nottingham: Nottingham Trent University, 2016.
Morgan, Jamie. «Paris COP 21: Power that Speaks the Truth? » Globalizations, 2016: 943-951.
Morrissey, Imogen, Sinead Mulders-Jones, & Natalie Petrellis. We stand as one: Children, Young People and Climate Change. Report, Available online: https://www.plan.org.au/~/media/plan/documents/resources/we-stand-as-one--children-young-people-and-climate-change.pdf: Australia Youth Climate Coalition, 2015.
Moser, Caroline O.N. «The Asset Vulnerability Framework: Reassessing Urban Poverty Reduction Strategies» World Development, 1998: 1-19.
Mostafanezhad, Mary. "The politics of aesthetics in volunteer tourism." Annals of Tourism Research 43 (2013): 150-169.
Mostafavi, Mohsen. Ecological Urbanism. Zurich: Lars Mullers Publishers, 2016.
Mugisha, Frederick, & EliyaMsiyaphazi Zulu. «The Influence of Alcohol, Drugs and Substance Abuse on Sexual Relationships and Perception of Risk to HIV Infection Among Adolescents in the Informal Settlements of Nairobi» Journal of Youth Studies, 2004: 279-293.
My Climate. «Cable Cars reduce CO2 in Medellin, Colombia.» My Climate Project our Planet. 2012. https://www.myclimate.org/uploads/tx_news/Projectstory-Medellin-web.pdf (accessed: June 01, 2017).
My World Analytics. MY World- United Nations. 2015. http://data.myworld2015.org/ (accessed September 4 2017).
Mydans, Carl. «Slums. Washington, D.C.» Image. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/fsa1998017459/PP (Accessed February 13, 2017.). Nov, 1935.
Nahigyan, Pierce. «After COP21, Cities (Not States) Will Lead the Way on Climate Action» The Huffington Post. December 16 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/pierce-nahigyan/regardless-of-cop21-citie_b_8815526.html (accessed April 18 2017).
Navarro-Sertich, Adriana. «From Product to Process; Urban-Think Tank’s Approach To the Informal City» Architectural Design, 2011: 104-109.
City of God. Directed by Fernando Meirelles y Kátia Lund. O2 Filmes and VideoFilmes. 2002.
Obergassel, Wolfgang, et al.. «Phoenix from the Ashes—An Analysis of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change» Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (uppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy), 2016: 1-54.
Odendahl, Terry. «The Failures of the Paris Climate Change Agreement and How Philanthropy Can Fix Them» Stanford Social Innovation Review. January 22 2016. https://ssir.org/articles/entry/the_failures_of_the_paris_climate_change_agreement_and_how_philanthropy_can#bio-footer (accessed June 30 2017).
Okereke, Chukwumerije, Prajwal. Baral, & Yamide Dagnet. Options for Adaptation and Loss & Damage in a 2015 Climate Agreement. Working Paper. Available online at: http://www.wri.org/our-work/project/act-2015/publications, Washington, DC: Agreement for Climate Transformation 2015 (ACT 2015), 2015.
Olivares Sala, Pedro, & Roberto Ameneiro Galdo. «Sustainable Development» Los Metrocables de Caracas, Aerial Cable Cars as an Innovative Solution for Urban Transport. June 2013. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/3738olivares.pdf (accessed February 18 2017).
Olthuis, Koen, Jiya Benni, Kristin Eichwede, & Chris Zebenbergen. «Slum Upgrading; Assessing the Importance of Location and Plea for a Spatial Approach» Habitat International, 2015: 270-288.
Pachauri, Rajendra K., Myles R. Allen, Vicente R. Barros, John Broome, Wolfgang Cramer, Renate Christ, & John A. Church et al. Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCCC, 2014.
Parry, Martin L., Osvaldo F. Canziani, Jean P. Palutikof, Paul J. van der Linden, and Clair E. Hanson. "IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Parry, Martin L., Osvaldo F. Canziani, Jean P. Palutikof, Paul J. van der Linde, & Clair E. Hanson. IPCC, 2007: Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC, 2007.
Parvin, Afroza, A.F.M. Ashraful Alam, & Rumana Asad. « Climate Change Impact and Adaptation in Urban Informal Settlements in Khulna: A Built Environment Perspective» Academia http://www.academia.edu/7641208/Climate_Change_Impact_and_Adaptation_in_Urban_Informal_Settlements_in_Khulna_A_Built_Environmental_Perspective (accessed June 19 2017).
Patil-Deshmukh, Anita, Ramnath Subbaraman, Shitole, Shrutika Sawant Kiran, & Tejal Shitole. «Transforming Health in Informal Settlements Through the Right to Research» In Ecological Urbanism, Edited by Mostafavi & Gareth Doherty, 468-460. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Graduate School of Design and Lars Muller Publishers, 2016.
Pelling, Mark. Adaptation to climate change: from resilience to transformation. Routledge, 2010.
Perlman, Janice. Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Perschon, Jürgen. «Urban Cable Propelled Transit Systems. “High Flying Solution” to Urban Transport Problems? » World Congress on Mobility for the Future of Sustainable Cities. Changwon, South Korea: EcoMobility 2011, 2011. Presentation.
Peters, Glen P., Jan C. Minx, Christopher L. Weber, & Ottmar Edenhofer. «Growth in Emission Transfers via International trade from 1990 to 2008» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol.108, 2011: 8903-8908.
Pickett, Steward TA, et al. «Urban Ecological Systems: Linking Terrestrial Ecological, Physical, and Socioeconomic Components of Metropolitan Areas» Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol.32, no. 1, 2001: 127-157.
Plumb, Donovan, Andrew Leverman, & Robert McGray. «The Learning City in a ‘Planet of Slums’» Studies in Continuing Education (Routledge) 29, nº 1 (2007): 37-50.
Prins, Gwyn, & Steve Rayner. «Time to ditch Kyoto» Nature Vol.449, 2007: 973-975.
Prowse, Martin. Towards a Clearer Understanding of‘Vulnerability’ in Relation to Chronic Poverty. CPRC Working Paper No.24, Manchester: Chronic Poverty Research Centre. University of Manchester, 2003.
Prowse, Martin, & Lucy Scott. «Assets and Adaptation: An Emerging Debate» IDS bulletin, 2008: 42-52.
PSA, Philippines Statistics Authority. «Population of the National Capital Region (Based on the 2015 Census of Population) » Philippines Statistics Authority. May 31 2016. https://psa.gov.ph/content/population-national-capital-region-based-2015-census-population-0 (accessed June 15 2017).
Puerta Osorio, Diana. «Integral Urban Projects PUIs» in Laboratorio Medellin, Catalogo de 10 Practicas Vivas, by Alcaldia de Medellin, 70-95. Medellin: Mesa Editores, 2011.
Pujols, Danny. Lo Ultimo Digital. December 14 2016. http://loultimodigital.com/index.php/video/item/1588-residentes-de-la-vieja-barquita-reclaman-vivienda (accessed February 12 2017).
Punjani, Shahid. Providing Security of Tenure to the Urban Poor: Investigating the Roots of Slum Improvement in Hyderabad, India. Cambridge: MIT, Department of Urban Studies and Planning (Master’s Thesis), 2002.
Qin, Hua, Patricia Romero-Lankao, Jorgelina Hardoy, & Angélica Rosas-Huerta. «Household Responses to Climate-Related Hazards in Four Latin American Cities: A Conceptual Framework and Exploratory Analysis» Urban Climate, 2015: 94–110.
Rajamani, Lavanya. «Ambition and Differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement: Interpretative Possibilities and Underlying Politics» International and Comparative Law Quarterly Vol. 65, 2016: 493-514.
Reynolds, Carley C., Francisco J. Escobedo, Nicola Clerici, and Jorge Zea-Camaño. "Does “Greening” of Neotropical Cities Considerably Mitigate Carbon Dioxide Emissions? The Case of Medellin, Colombia." Sustainability9, no. 5 (2017): 785.
Ribot, Jesse. «Vulnerability Does Not Fall from the Sky: Toward Multiscale, Pro-Poor Climate Policy. Social Dimensions of Climate Change» Equity and Vulnerability in a Warming World Vol. 2, 2010: 47-74.
Robbins, Anthony. «How to Understand the Results of the Climate Change Summit: Conference of Parties 21 (COP21) Paris 2015» Journal of Public Health Policy 37, 2016: 129-132.
Robert, Amélie, & Michaël Kummert. «Designing Net-Zero Energy Buildings for the Future Climate, not for the Past» Building and Environment, 2012: 150-158.
Roberts, Timmons, & Romain Weikmans. «Brookings–Understanding COP21 and Beyond 24» The Unfinished Agenda of the Paris Climate Talks: Finance to the Global South. December 22 2015. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/planetpolicy/2015/12/22/the-unfinished-agenda-of-the-paris-climate-talks-finance-to-the-global-south/ (accessed June 20 2017).
Robinson, Piers. «Theorizing the Influence of Media on World Politics: Models of Media Influence on Foreign Policy» European Journal of Communication, 2001: 523-544.
Rogelj, Joeri, et al. «Paris Agreement Climate Proposals Need a Boost to Keep Warming Well Below 2 C.» Nature 534, 2016: 631-639.
Rolando, Andrea, & Stefano Di Vita. «Reference Case Studies and Best Practices» in From Smart City to Smart Region, by Corinna Morandi, Andrea Rolando & Stefano Di Vita, 73-91. Springer International Publishing, 2016.
Rose, Steven K., Richard Richels, Geoffrey Blanford, & Thomas
Rutherford. «The Paris Agreement and Next Steps in Limiting Global Warming» Climatic Change, 2017: 255–270.
Rosenzweig, Cynthia, William D. Solecki, Stephen A. Hammer, & Shagun Mehrotra. Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Rothstein, Arthur. «Slums, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania» Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/fsa1997009874/PP/. (Accessed February 13, 2017.). 1938.
Roy, Debraj, Michael Harold Lees, Bharath Palavalli, Karin Pfeffer, & Peter Sloot. «The Emergence of Slums: A Contemporary View on Simulation Models» Environmental Modelling & Software, 2014: 76-90.
Rubin, Margot. Reducing the Vulnerabilities of Urban Slum Dwellers in the Southern Africa Region to the Impact of Climate Change and Disasters. Concept Paper, Urban Landmark, 2011.
Sachs, Jeffey D. The Age of Sustainable Development. New York: Columbia University Press, 2015.
Samper Escobar, Jose Jaime. The Politics of Peace Process in Cities in Conflict. The Medellin Case as a Best Practice. Master′s Thesis, Cambridge: MIT- Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.
Samper, Jota, Catalina Ortiz, & Javier Soto. Rethinking Informality. Strategies of Urban Space Co-Production. Cambridge, MA.: MIT School of Architecture and Planning, 2015.
Satterthwaite, D., S. Huq, H. Reid, M. Pelling, & P. Romero Lankao. Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas; The Possibilities and Constrains in Low- and Middle Income Nations. Human Settlements Discussion Paper Series: Climate Change and Cities 1. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2007.
Scotten, Ali G. «How to Write Effective Policy Papers» University of Arizona. February 11 2011. https://cmes.arizona.edu/sites/cmes.arizona.edu/files/Effective%20Policy%20Paper%20Writing.pdf (accessed April 25 2017).
Shepard, Cassim. «Montage Urbanism: Essence, Fragment, Increment» Public Culture, 2013: 223-232.
Singh, Rajesh Kumar, H. Ramalinga Murty, S. Kumar Gupta, & A. Kumar Dikshit. «An Overview of Sustainability Assessment Methodologies» Ecological Indicators Vol.9, 2009: 189-212.
Smit, Barry, & Johanna Wandel. «Adaptation, Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability» Global Environmental Change, 2006: 282-292.
Smith, Barry, Ian Burton, Richard J.T. Klein, & J. Wandel. «An Anatomy of Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability» Climatic Change, 2000: 223-251.
Sobel, Adam H., Suzana J. Camargo, Timothy M. Hall, Chia-Ying Lee, Michael K. Tippett, & Allison A. Wing. «Human Influence on Tropical Cyclone Intensity» Science Vol.353, no. 6296, 2016: 242-246.
Spangenberg, Joachim H. «Environmental Space and the Prism of Sustainability: Frameworks for Indicators Measuring Sustainable Development» Ecological Indicators Vol.2, 2002: 295-309.
Stanczak, Gregory C. Visual Research Methods. Image, Society, and Representation. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2007.
Steuteville, Robert, & Philip Langdon. New urbanism: Best Practices Guide. New Urban News Publications, 2009.
Straubhaar, Rolf. «A Broader Definition of Fragile States. The Communities and Schools of Brazil′s Favelas» Current Issues on Comparative Education Vol.15, 2012: 41-51.
Sullivan, Graeme. Art Practice as Research. London: SAGE Publications, 2010.
Talen, Emily. «The Social Goals of New Urbanism» Housing Policy Debate, 2002: 165-188.
Terrell, Dek. The Economic Impact of the August 2016 Floods on the State of Louisiana. Louisiana Economic Development, 2016.
Tester, Jefferson W., Elisabeth M. Drake, Michael W. Driscoll, Michael W. Golay,
& William A. Peters. Sustainable Energy. Choosing Among Options. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012.
Tewari, Suruchi. «Gender Discrimination Among Children in Urban Slums» Anthropologist Vol.7, no. 4, 2005: 247-252.
The Clinic. «The Clinic; La Incipiente Revolucion de la Vivienda Social en Chile.» Cómo es vivir en una casa del arquitecto Alejandro Aravena? 2016. http://www.theclinic.cl/2016/01/26/como-es-vivir-en-una-casa-del-arquitecto-alejandro-aravena/ (accessed February 19 2017).
Till, Jeremy. «Three Myths and One Model» Building Material, 2008:
4-10.
TOD Institute. Transport Oriented Development Institute. 2017. http://www.tod.org/ (accessed June 20 2017).
Tompkins, Emma L. «Planning for Climate Change in Small Islands: Insights from National Hurricane Preparedness in the Cayman Islands» Global Environmental Change 15, 2005: 139-149.
Turner, B. L., et al. «A Framework for Vulnerability Analysis in Sustainability Science» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2003: 8074–8079.
Turner, John (Editor), & Robert (Editor). Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process. London: The Macmillan Company, 1972.
UN-DESA. World Population Prospects. Key Findings and Advance. Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241, New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division, 2015.
UNDP. Urbanization and Climate Change. Asia-Pacific Issue Brief Series on Urbanization and Climate Change No. 1, Bangkok: UN-Habitat, 2012.
UNEP. The Emissions Gap Report 2015. Nairobi : United Nations Environnent, 2015.
UNEP, and GRID-Arendal. «GRID-Arendal» Climate Change Global Processes and Effects. 2005. https://www.grida.no/resources/5406 (accessed June 7 2017).
UNESCAP. What is Good Governance. Bangkok: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, n.d.
UNFCCC. «Adoption of the Paris Agreement» United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change/ COP21. December 12 2015a. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf (accessed December 31 2015).
—. Background on the UNFCCC: The International Response to Climate Change. 2017. https://unfccc.int/essential_background/items/6031.php (accessed June 20 2017).
—. «Chronological Evolution of the LDC Work Programme and Introduction to the Concept of NAPA» United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. March 04 2013. http://unfccc.int/adaptation/knowledge_resources/ldc_portal/items/4722.php (accessed June 19 2017).
—. «Paris Agreement. Status of Ratification» United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2017. http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9444.php (accessed March 13 2017).
—. «UN Climate Change Newsroom» Kyoto Protocol 10th Anniversary. Timely Reminder Climate Agreements Work. February 13 2015b. http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/kyoto-protocol-10th-anniversary-timely-reminder-climate-agreements-work/ (accessed March 25 2017).
UN-Habitat. "The challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2003.
UN-Habitat. Global Report on Human Settlements. Series: Global Report on Human Settlements, UN-Habitat, 2011.
UN-Habitat. Habitat III Issue Paper 22 Informal Settlement. New York, NY: United Nations, 2015.
UN-Habitat. Situation Analysis of Informal Settlements in Kisumu. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Program, 2005.
UN-Habitat. State of the World Cities 2006-07; Slums Past, Present and Future. Official Report, United Nations, 2007.
UN-Habitat. Streets as Tools for Urban Transformation in Slums. A Street-Led Approach to Citywide Slum Upgrading. Series: Citywide Slum Upgrading: UN- HABITAT, 2014.
UNICEF. Children’s Vulnerability to Climate Change and Disaster Impacts in East Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok, Thailand: UNICEF. Found online: https://www.unicef.org/environment/files/Climate_Change_Regional_Report_14_Nov_final.pdf, 2014.
United Nations. The Millennium Development Goals Report. Inter-Agency Report, New York: United Nations, 2015.
United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UN General Assembly, 1948.
United Nations. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Protocol, Kyoto: UNFCCC, 1998.
United Nations. «United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change» Main Document of the Convention, 1992.
Urge-Vorsatz, Diana, Ksenia Petrichenko, Maja Staniec, & Jiyong Eom. «Energy Use in Buildings in a Long-Term Perspective» Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2013: 141-151.
USAID. Analysis of Indented Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). White Paper, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 2016.
USGBC. LEED v4 Building Design and Construction. United States Green Building Council, 2017.
—. LEED v4. Neighborhood Development. United States Green Building Council, 2016.
UTT. «Fábrica de Cultura: Grotão.» Urban Think Tank. 2009. http://u-tt.com/project/fabrica-de-cultura-grotao/ (accessed February 18 2017).
—. «Urban Think Tank» Metro Cable. 2010. http://u-tt.com/project/metro-cable/ (accessed February 18 2017).
Van Soest, Heleen L., et al. «Low-Emission Pathways in 11 Major Economies: Comparison of Cost-optimal Pathways and Paris Climate Proposals» Climatic Change, 2017: 491-504.
Victor, David G. The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Villamizar-Duarte, Natalia. «Informalization as a Process: Theorizing Informality as a Lens to Rethink Theory and Practice in Bogota, Colombia» RC21 International Conference on “The Ideal City: Between Myth and Reality. Urbino (Italy): RC21, 2015.
Wade, Andrew. Urbanization & the Production of Knowledge: The Case of Informality. Working Paper no.140, London: Development Planning Unit, University College London, 2009.
Ward, D. S., and N. M. Mahowald. "Contributions of developed and developing countries to global climate forcing and surface temperature change." Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 7 (2014): 074008.
Warren, Carol A.B., & Tracy Xavia Karner. Discovering Qualitative Methods: Field Research, Interviews and Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Watson, Robert T., Marufu C. Zinyowera, & Richard H. Moss. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Wisner, Ben, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon, & Ian Davis. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People′s Vulnerability and Disasters. London, UK: Routledge, 2004.
World Bank. Cities and Climate Change: An Urgent Agenda. Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers, Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2010.
World Bank. Climate Change, Disaster Risk and the Urban Poor. Cities Building Resilience for a Changing World. Report, The World Bank Group, 2011.
—. «Next Steps for Climate Action in Cities after COP21» The World Bank. December 22 2015. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/12/22/next-steps-for-climate-action-in-cities-after-cop21 (accessed April 18 2017).
—. «Population living in slums, (% of urban population) » Data World Bank. 2015a. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS?locations=XO (accessed March 14 2017).
—. «Upgrading Urban Communities» MIT and the World Bank Group. 2000. http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/whatis/history.html (accessed February 15 2017).
—. Urban Development. World Bank. March 29 2017. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview (accessed April 2 2017).
—. «Urban population (% of total) » Data World Bank. 2015b. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS (accessed March 14 2017).
WRI. «CAIT Climate Data Explorer» Historical Emissions. 2013. http://cait2.wri.org/historical (accessed July 1 2017).
WRI. World Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2005. Working Paper, World Resources Institute, 2009.
Wright, Kevin B. «Researching Internet‐based populations: Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Survey Research, Online Questionnaire Authoring Software Packages, and web Survey Services» Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication 10, 2005.
Xi, Hu. «China Dialogue» Special Report: Climate Change Poses Grave Threats to China′s Essential Infrastructure. April 26 2016. https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/8847-Special-report-Climate-change-poses-grave-threats-to-China-s-essential-infrastructure- (accessed May 23 2017).
Yelling, J.A. Slums and Redevelopment: Policy and Practice in England, 1918-45, With Particular Reference To London. London: Routledge, 1993.
Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research Design and Methods. Singapore: Sage Publications, 2009.
—. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage Publications, 2013.
Young, R. Oran. «The Paris Agreement: Destined to Succeed or Doomed to Fail? » Politics and Governance, 2016: 124-132.

指導教授

王翰翔(Han-Hsiang Wang)

審核日期

2017-7-26

推文