Rolston 荒野價值理論探究

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熊克維(Ke-Wei Hsiung) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

Rolston 荒野價值理論探究
(Rolston Wilderness Values Research)

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摘要(中)

荒野 (wilderness) 作為原始生態的保留區，蘊含著豐富的生物多樣性，以及渾然天成的自然景觀，但由於人們將荒野視作工具，來進行大量的開墾與利用，使當代環境的大生態已逐漸面臨到生態危機，導致荒野中的生物多樣性開始產生物種失衡或滅絕的現象，因此，本論文將以Rolston環境倫理學之荒野觀來進行探究。故而，本論文一開始主要先釐清“Wildness”與“Wilderness”之概念對比簡析，並從荒野的角度來探究，荒野與自然、荒野與文化，以及荒野與宗教的關係。

接著，第二章將基於Rolston環境倫理學所闡揚的自然環境之價值理論，分別探討自然環境之工具價值、自然環境之內在價值，以及自然環境的系統價值，其中，為闡揚Rolston客觀內在價值論，將從「自然環境先於人類而存在」與「演化論」之立場，來作為其客觀性的依據，並依此提出批判與反思。

最後，第三章將從荒野的角度來闡述，荒野的工具價值與客觀內在價值，並以荒野保育的教育面與荒野保育的法律政策面，期許我們可對荒野生態抱持「尊重」與「義務」來改善荒野的對待之道，進而實現人與自然生態間的和諧共處。

摘要(英)

Wilderness, as a primitive ecological reserve, contains rich biodiversity and natural landscapes. However, because people regard the wilderness as a tool for a large of reclamation and utilization, the large ecological environment of the contemporary environment has been Gradually facing an ecological crisis, the biodiversity in the wilderness has begun to produce species imbalance or extinction. Therefore, this article will explore the wilderness view in Rolston′s environmental ethics. Based on this, we will explore the relationship between wilderness and nature, wilderness and culture, wilderness and religion from the perspective of wilderness.

Next, we will discuss the Instrumental value, Intrinsic value and Systemic value of the Natural environment elucidated by Rolston′s environmental ethics. Finally, In Chapter 3 of this article is based on the discussion in Chapter 2, from the perspective of the wilderness, the Instrumental value and Objective intrinsic value of the wilderness, and from the perspective of the education and policy of the wilderness, we have expected that we can "Respect" and "obligation" to improve their treatment, and to achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and natural ecology.

關鍵字(中)

★ 荒野
★ 自然環境
★ 工具價值
★ 客觀內在價值

關鍵字(英)

★ Rolston

論文目次

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝辭 iii
導論 1
第一章 Rolston的荒野觀點 5
第一節 “Wilderness” 之概念簡析 5
第二節 Rolston荒野概念探究 8
第二章 Rolston的自然環境價值理論 19
第一節自然環境之工具價值 19
第二節自然環境之內在價值 27
第三節自然環境的系統價值 36
第四節批判反省 41
第三章 Rolston的荒野價值理論 48
第一節荒野的工具價值 48
第二節荒野的內在價值 55
第三節荒野的對待之道 64
結論 70
參考文獻 74

參考文獻

一、專書著作：
馬兆俐，2009，《羅爾斯頓生態哲學思想研究》，（瀋陽：東北大學出版社）。
趙紅梅，2009，《美學走向荒野:論羅爾斯頓環境美學思想》，（北京：中國社會科學出版社）。
Holmes Rolston III（著），劉耳、葉平（譯），2000，《哲學走向荒野》，（長春：吉林人民出版社）。
Holmes Rolston III（著），楊通進（譯），2000，《環境倫理學：大自然的價值以及人對大自然的義務》，（北京：中國社會科學出版社）。
Aldo Leopold（著），李靜瀅（譯），2015，《沙郡年紀》，（臺北：漫遊者出版社）。
Rachel Carson（著），黃中憲（譯），2017，《寂靜的春天》，（臺北：野人文化出版社）。
Brown, Juanita and Isaacs, David, 2005, The World Café: Shaping Our Futures Through Conversations That Matter, Oakland: Berrett- Koehler Publishers.
Callicott, J. Baird, 1989, In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy, New York: State University of New York Press.
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿, 1999, Beyond the Land Ethic: More Essays in Environmental Philosophy, New York: State University of New York Press.
Des Jardins, Joseph R. , 2005, Environmental Ethics: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy, Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing.
Carson, Rachel, 2002, Silent Spring: 40th Anniversary Edition, Orlando: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Freitas, Robert A., 1979, Xenology: An Introduction to the Scientific Study of Extraterrestrial Life, Intelligence, and Civilization, 3rd ed., California: Xenology Research Institute.
Leopold, Aldo, 1968, A Sand County Almanac: Sketches Here And There, Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Maczulak, Anne, E., 2010, Biodiversity: Conserving Endangered Species, New York: Infobase Publishing.
Rolston, Holmes III, 1988, Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿, 1989, Philosophy Gone Wild, New York: Prometheus Book.
________________, 1999, Genes, Genesis and God: Values and Their Origins in Natural and Human History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿, 2012, A New Environmental Ethics: The Next Millennium for Life on Earth, New York: Routledge.
Singer, Peter, 2015, The Most You Can Do: How Effective Altruism Is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically, New Haven: Yale University Press.

二、期刊論文：
林益仁，2011，＜基督教生態觀與在地生態知識：Holmes Rolston III 的「荒野」生態哲學＞，《臺灣宗教研究》，第10 卷 No.1，頁 17。
莫藜藜，2012，〈團體工作中任務性團體的特性與運用〉，《社區發展季刊》，第140期，頁17-24。
莊元輔，2013，〈論Holmes Rolston, III 對「自然價值」的觀點：建構「體驗論」模型芻議〉，《應用倫理評論》，第54期，頁253-261。
瞿慎思，2016，＜內在價值的反思＞，《應用倫理評論》，第 60 期，頁 209。
羅嘉容，2017，＜Rolston 與生態環境之客觀內在價值＞，《應用倫理評論》，第 63 期，頁 61。
林恩志，2017，＜對Callicott非人類中心主觀內在價值的反思＞，《應用倫理評論》，第 63 期，頁 84-91。
Bell, Diana., Roberton, Scott and Hunter, Paul R.,2004, “Animal Origins of SARS Coronavirus: Possible Links with the International Trade in Small Carnivores,” Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society Biological Sciences, Vol. 359, pp. 1107-1108.
Cafaro, Philip, 2001, “The Naturalist’s Virtues,” Philosophy in the Contemporary World, Vol. 8 No.2, pp. 85-93.
Callicott, J. Baird, 1984, “Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory and Environmental Ethics,” American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 21, p. 305.
______________, 2000, “Contemporary Criticisms of the Received Wilderness Idea,” Forest Service Proceedings, Vol. 1, pp. 24-25.
______________, 2008, “What Wilderness in Frontier Ecosystems?” Environmental Ethics Journal, Vol. 30, pp. 243-247.
Cowles, Chandler Henry, 1899, “The Ecological Relations of The Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan, ” Botanical Gazette, Vol. 27, p. 113.
Cronon, William, 1996, “The Trouble with Wilderness: Or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature,” Environmental History,Vol. 1, pp. 8-19.
Godfrey-Smith,William, 1979, “The Value of Wilderness,” Environmental Ethics Journal ,Vol. 1, p. 311.
Grumbine, Edward,R., 1994, “Wildness, Wise Use, and Sustainable Development,” Environmental Ethics Journal, Vol. 16, p. 231.
Holmes, Thomas P., Bowker J. M., Englin, Jeffery., Hjerpe, Evan., Loomis, John B., Phillips, Spencer and Richardson, Robert, 2016, “A Synthesis of the Economic Values of Wilderness,” Journal of Forestry, Vol. 113 No.2, p. 322.
Marco, Moreno Di., Ferrier, Simon., Harwood, Tom D., Hoskins , Andrew J. and Watson, James E. M., 2019, “Wilderness areas halve the extinction risk of terrestrial Biodiversity,” Nature, Vol. 573 No. 7775, pp. 582-585.
O’ Neill, John, 1992, “The Varieties of Intrinsic Value,” The Monist, Vol. 75 No. 2, pp. 119-120.
Peattie, Ken and Ratnayaka, Moira, 1992, “Responding to the green movement,” Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 103-110.
Rolston III, Holmes, 1982, “Are Values in Nature Subjective or Objective,” Environmental Ethic, Vol. 4, p. 146.
__________________, 1991, “The Wilderness Idea Reaffirmed,” The Environmental Professional, Vol. 13, pp. 372-373.
__________________, 1995, “Does aesthetic appreciation of landscape need to be science-based?, ” British Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 35, pp. 383-384.
__________________, 1998, “Aesthetic Experience in Forests,” Journal of Aesthetic and Art Criticism, Vol. 56. No. 2, p. 161.
__________________, 1999, “Can and Ought We to Follow Nature,” Environmental Ethics, Vol. 1, pp. 19-21.
__________________, 1999, “Nature and Culture in Environmental Ethics,” The Proceedings of the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, Vol. 1, pp. 155-157.
Svoboda, Toby, 2011, “Why There Is No Evidence for the Intrinsic Value of Non-Humans,” Ethics and the Environment, Vol. 16 No.2, pp. 29-31.
Swart, A. A. Jac, 2004, “The Wild Animal as a Research Animal,” Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,Vol. 17, p. 185. .
Walsh, Richard G., Loomis, John B. and Gillman, Richard A., 1984, “Valuing Option, Existence, and Bequest Demands for Wilderness,” Land Economics, Vol. 60 No. 1, pp. 14-15.
Zaijuan, Zhou and Daojin, Sun, 2013, “Proof of Natural Intrinsic Value,” Cross-Culture Communication, Vol. 9, p. 56.

三、專書論文：
Cafaro, Philip, 2005, “Thoreau, Leopold, and Carson: Toward an Environmental Virtue Ethics,” in Ronald Sandler and Philip Cafaro (eds.), Environmental Virtue Ethics, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 31-32.
Leopold, Aldo, 2001, “The Land Ethic,” in Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, George Sessions, Karen J. Warren, and John Clark (eds.), Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology 3rd eds., New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, pp. 98-99.
Rolston, Holmes III, 2001, “Challenges in Environmental Ethics,” in Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Braid Callicott, George Sessions, Karen J. Warren, and John Clark (eds.), Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, 3rd eds., New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, pp. 131-132.
________________,2002, “From Beauty to Duty: Aesthetics of Nature and Environmental Ethics,” in Arnold Berleant (ed.), Environment and the Arts: Perspectives on Environmental Aesthetics, London: Routledge, pp. 130-139.
Routley (Sylvan) Richard, 2001, “Is There a Need for a New, an Environmental, Ethic?” in Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Braid Callicott, George Sessions, Karen J. Warren, and John Clark (eds.), Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, 3rd eds., New Jersey: Prentice- Hall, pp. 17-25.

四、學位論文：
周昱辰 (研撰)，李凱恩 (指導)，2019/06，《Cafaro 環境德行倫理學研究:以台灣的人口與環境問題為例》(中壢:國立中央大學哲學研究所碩士論文)。
孫本初 (研撰)，李凱恩 (指導)，2016/06，《Caillcott環境倫理研究》(中壢:國立中央大學哲學研究所碩士論文)。
鄭麗蓉 (研撰)，柯志明 (指導)，2012/02)，《論 Holmes Rolston III 的環境倫理學之構成與反思》(臺中:靜宜大學生態學研究所碩士論文)。
羅嘉容 (研撰)，李凱恩 (指導)，2014/05)，《Rolston 生態環境內在價值論探究》(中壢:國立中央大學哲學研究所碩士論文)。

五、網路資料：
翁慧玲，〈臺大醫院健康電子報:認識蛋白質及食物份量代換〉，URL= https://epaper.ntuh.gov.tw/health/new/6310.html (2020/01/13 瀏覽)。
Bowerman, Susan, 2008, “If mushrooms see the light,” Los Angeles Times, URL= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-mar-31-he-eat31-story.html
(2020/01/02 瀏覽)。
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,2019,“Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value,” URL= https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-untrinsic-extrinsic/#Oth (2020/01/02 瀏覽)。
U.S. National Park Service, 2020, “Wilderness Ethics,” URL= https://www.nps.gov/subjects/wilderness/ethics.htm (2020/06/24 瀏覽)。
UNEP, 2014, “UNEP Strategy for Environmental Education and Training,” URL= https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/publication/unep-strategy- environmental-education-and-training (2020/08/01瀏覽)。
UNEP Sustainable Development Goals, 2014, “Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication,” URL= https://www.sustainabledevelopment.un.org (2020/08/01瀏覽)。
United States Environmental Protection Agency, “What is Environmental Education?” URL=https://www.epa.gov/education/what-environmental-education (2020/06/20瀏覽)。
United States Environmental Protection Agency, “What is Environmental Education? URL=https://www.epa.gov/education/what-environmental-education (2020/06/22瀏覽)。

指導教授

李凱恩

審核日期

2021-1-4

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