J. M. W. Turner（1775-1851）身後首檔回顧大展：1899年倫敦城區市政廳藝廊（Guildhall Art Gallery）特展的意義與影響

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張靜思(Ching-Ssu Chang) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

J. M. W. Turner（1775-1851）身後首檔回顧大展：1899年倫敦城區市政廳藝廊（Guildhall Art Gallery）特展的意義與影響
(The First Retrospective Exhibition of J. M. W. Turner: The Significance and Influence of the Special Exhibition at Guildhall Art Gallery in 1899)

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摘要(中)

1899年4月由倫敦城區市政廳藝廊舉辦的「Turner 油畫與水彩借展」，為知名英國風景畫家J. M. W. Turner（1775-1851）身後首檔大型回顧展。為期3個月的特展展出38件Turner油畫、86件水彩、44件《學習之書》系列版畫，以及35件與Turner同時期畫家的油畫作品，因此此展也可說是Turner逝世後第一檔展件媒材多元且為數眾多的特展。本文旨在探討1899年特展於Turner展覽史上的意義，分析特展如何利用文字論述以及展品形塑藝術家形象，進一步深究1899年特展在20世紀Turner展覽的影響。

論文第一章，主要回顧Turner生前的參展經歷，與1851-1899年間之Turner身後展覽史，並透過文獻釐清1899年特展的緣起與幕後推手。第二章，從展覽的生成角度出發，探究特展如何利用文字論述與展品的選件及展示，形塑藝術家形象。第三章，焦點轉向特展的接受面與後續迴響，從藝評、報導、傳記，討論特展的接受與評價，最後透過Turner遺贈的展示以及1951及1974年兩檔大型Turner紀念展，檢視1899年特展的敘事是否對20世紀Turner展覽仍具影響力。

摘要(英)

In April 1899, the exhibition, “Loan Collection of Pictures and Drawings by J. M. W. Turner, R. A., and of a Selection of Pictures by Some of his Contemporaries, ” was held in the Guildhall Art Gallery founded by City of London Corporation. It was the biggest posthumous retrospective of the famous British landscape painter J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851) in the 19th century. The special exhibition featured 38 Turner’s oil paintings, 86 watercolours, 44 prints of Liber Studiorum, and 35 oil paintings by Turner′s contemporaries. That is to say, this exhibition could also be regarded as the first exhibition in which multiple media and numerous pieces were brought together since Turner′s death. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the significance of the 1899 exhibition in the history of Turner exhibition, to analyse how the artist’s image was shaped by textual discourses and exhibits, and to examine the influence of the 1899 exhibition in later Turner exhibitions in the 20th century.

The first chapter of this thesis reviews of the history of Turner exhibition between 1790 and 1899, and traces the birth of the 1899 exhibition. The second chapter explores how the exhibition narrated the life of Turner and arranged the exhibits to shape the artist’s image. The third chapter focuses on public acceptance and follow-up reverberation of the 1899 exhibition by examining the art reviews, newspaper reports, and biographies. Finally, I will explore whether the narrative of the 1899 exhibition still have influence on later Turner exhibitions in the 20th century by examining the display of Turner bequest and the two large scale Turner memorial exhibitions of 1951 and 1974.

關鍵字(中)

★ J. M. W. Turner
★ 市政廳藝廊
★ 1899年特展
★ 展覽史
★ 展覽研究
★ 藝術家形象

關鍵字(英)

★ J. M. W. Turner
★ Guildhall Art Gallery
★ Special Exhibition of Turner
★ History of Exhibitions
★ Exhibition Studies

論文目次

目次
導論…………………………………………………………………………………….......1
研究動機與問題意識…………………………………………………………….......3
研究現況與材料…………………………………………………………………........3
章節概述…………………………………………………………………………..........8
第一章 Turner生前展覽與身後作品的流轉及展示……………………..9
第一節、 Turner在世展覽與Turner遺贈………………………………….....9
一、Turner在世時畫作展覽……………………………………………….......9
二、Turner遺贈的流轉………………………………………………….........15
第二節、 19世紀下半葉Turner展覽與1899年市政廳藝廊特展....…18
一、 Turner身後展覽概況………………………………………………...18
二、 Ruskin的風格分期…………...……………………………………...22
三、市政廳藝廊與1899年特展緣起………….……………………….24
（一）市政廳藝廊成立簡史………………………………..................24
（二）1899年特展緣起.…………………………………….................26
小結…………………………………………………………………………….............28
第二章 1899年特展的藝術家形象塑造……………………………………29
第一節、出版文字中的Turner形象………………………...………………..29
一、1899年特展目錄作者Temple的觀點..…………………………......29
二、1850-1890年代Turner傳記………………………………………......35
第二節、特展的空間規劃與選件………….…………………………..........40
一、展間規劃與陳列手法………….……………………………….............40
二、展品選件………….………………………………..............................41
小結…………………………………………………………………………….............49
第三章 1899年特展的迴響與後續Turner作品展示的發展………...50
第一節、特展的接受與評價………….………………………………............50
一、展覽報導、評論………….………………………………....................50
二、其他出版品的迴響………….……………………………….................54
三、展品的流轉………….………………………………...........................55
第二節、公立美術館的Turner作品展示與展覽.………………………….58
一、Turner遺贈的展示………….………………………………................58
二、1951年Turner逝世百年紀念展………….……………………….......60
三、1974年Turner誕辰兩百週年紀念展………….………………….....63
小結…………………………………………………………………………................68
結論…………………………………………………………………………………........69
附錄…………………………………………………………………………………........73
參考資料…………………………………………………………………………….....124
圖版目錄…………………………………………………………………………….....133
圖版…………………………………………………………………………………......142

參考文獻

參考資料
一手資料
（一）展覽目錄
Temple, Alfred George. Catalogue of the Loan Collection of Pictures and Drawings by J.M.W. Turner, R.A., and of A Selection of Pictures by Some of His Contemporaries (London: Blades, East & Blades, Printers, 1899)

Royal Academy of Arts, General Index to the Catalogues of the Exhibitions of Works by Old Masters and Deceased British Artist, at the Royal Academy, from 1870-1879 (London: WM. Clowes and Sons, 1880)

Royal Academy of Arts, General Index to the Catalogues of the Exhibitions of Works by Old Masters and Deceased British Artist, at the Royal Academy, from 1880-1889 (London: WM. Clowes and Sons, 1890)

Royal Academy of Arts, General Index to the Catalogues of the Exhibitions of Works by Old Masters and Deceased British Artist, at the Royal Academy, from 1890-1899 (London: WM. Clowes and Sons, 1900)

Ruskin, John. Catalogue of the Drawings and sketches by J. M. W. Turner, R.A., at Present Exhibited in the National Gallery (Kent: G. Allen, 1881)

Ruskin, John. Catalogue of the Sketches and Drawings by J. M. W. Turner Exhibited in Marlborough House in the Year 1857-8 (London: Spottiswoode, 1858)

Ruskin, John. Notes on the Turner Gallery at Marlborough House, 1856-1857 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1857)

Art Treasures Exhibition Manchester, England, Catalogue of the Art Treasures of the United Kingdom (London: Bradbury & Evans., 1857)

Ruskin, John. Notes by Mr. Ruskin on His Collection of Drawings by the Late J. M. W. Turner, RA., Exhibited at the Fine Art Society’s Galleries: Also a List of the Engraved Works of That Master Shown at the Same Time (London: The Society, 1878)

Burlington Fine Arts Club, Exhibition Illustrative of Turner’s Liber Studiorum Containing Choice Impression of the First States, Etchings, Touched Proofs, and Engraver’s Proofs; Together with the unpublished Plates, and a Few Original Drawings for the Work (London: Spottiswoode and Co., 1872)

Royal Jubilee Exhibition, Royal Jubilee Exhibition, Manchester 1887: Official Catalogue (Manchester: J. Heywood, 1887)

The Art Gallery of Toronto, and The National Gallery of Canada, An Exhibition of Paintings by J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851) to Commemorate the Centennoal of His Death (Toronto: The Art Gallery of Toronto, 1951)

Tate Gallery, Turner, 1775-1851 (London: Tate Gallery Publications, 1974)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of Works by Old Masters and Deceased Masters of the British School Winter Exhibition, Eighth Year. MDCCCLXXVII (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1877)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of Works by Old Masters, Deceased Masters of the British School, French artists and Plate from the Sculptor- Goldsmith′s Art, Twenty-Seventh Year. MDCCCXCVI (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1896)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of Works by British Artists Deceased Since 1850, Thirty-Second Year. MDCCCCI (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1901)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of works by Old Masters and Deceased Masters of the British School Included a Special Selection from the Works of the Principal Representative of Norwich School; and Collection of Engravings, after Sir J. Reynolds, P. R. A., T. Gainsbrough, R. A., and G. Romney. Winter Exhibiton, Nineth Year MDCCCLXXVIII (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1878)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of Works by Old Masters, Deceased Masters of the British School, Sculptor-Goldsmith′s Art Chiefly of the Fixteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Winter Exhibiton, Twenty Sixth Year MDCCCXCV (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1895)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of Royal Academy, M. DCCCXI. The Forty Third (London: B. Mcmillan, 1811)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of Old Masters and Deceased Masters of the British School Including a Special Collection of Works by Holbien and His School. Winter Exhibition, Eleventh Year MDCCCLXXX (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1880)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of British Art C.1000-1860 (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1934)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of Old Masters and Deceased Masters of the British School; Including a Collection of Water Colour Drawings Illustrasting the Progress the Art of Water colour in England. Winter Exhibition, Twenty-Second Year, MDCCCXCI (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1891)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of Works of Old Masters, and Works of Deceased Masters of the British School, Painting in Oil, and Watercolour, and Sculpture. MDCCCLXXIII, Fourth Year (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1873)

Royal Academy of Arts, Exhibition of Works of Old Masters, and Works of Deceased Masters of the British School, Including a Collection of Sculpture, Bronzes, Medals, and Plaquettes, Chiefly of the Renaissance Period. Winter Exhibition, Nineteenth Year. MDCCCLXXXVIII (London: William Clowes and Sons, 1888)

Royal Academy of Arts, The Exhibition of Royal Academy. MDCCCXLIII (1843). The Seventy-Fifth (London: WM. Clowes and Sons, 1843)

MacColl, Dugald Sutherland. National Gallery Millbank Catalogue Turner Collection (London: H. M. Sationery Office, 1920)
Holmes, Charles John. National Gallery: Trafalgar Square: Illustrated Guide (London: His Majesty’ Office, 1921)

The Tate Gallery, The Turner Collection in the Clore Gallery (London: The Tate Publications, 1987)

（二）書籍
Baddeley, John James. The Guildhall of the City of London: Together with A Short Account of Its Historic Associations, and the Municipal Work Carried on Therein (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1899)

Smiles, Samuel. Selp-Help: Illustrations of Character and Conduct (London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1914)

Temple, Alfred George. Guildhall Memories (London: J. Murray, 1918)

Ruskin, John. Modern Painter I (New York: Wiley & Halsted, 1858)

Burnet, John and Cunningham, Peter. Turner and His Works (London: Bogue, 1852)

Thornbury, Walter. Life of J. M. W. Turner Vol.1＆Vol.2 (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1862)

Monkhouse, William Cosmo. Turner (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1789)

Hamerton, Philip Gilbert. The Life of J. M. W. Turner (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1879)

Redgrave, Richard and Samuel. A Century of Painters of the English School (London: Sampson Law, Martson, Searle & Rivington, 1890)

Armstrong, Walter. Turner Vol.1＆Vol. 2 (London: Thomas Agnew and Sons., 1902)

Anonymous, Turner′s Celebrated Landscapes: Sixteen of the Most Important Works of J. M. W. Turner (London: Bell and Daldy, 1870)

Holmes, Charles John. National Gallery: Trafalgar Square: Illustrated Guide. (London: His Majesty’ Office, 1921)

（三）報章雜誌
Anonymous, “British Institution for Promoting the Fine Arts In The United Kingdom, ETC.－1836, ” Blackwood’s Magazine, Vol.40 (Oct., 1836): 543-556.

Anonymous, “Turner Collection at Marlborough House, ” The Illustrated London News 29 Aug. 1857：227.

Jodgson, J. E. , Eaton, Fred. A., “The Royal Academy in the Present Century, ” The Art Journal, Vol. 55 (1893) : 161-167.

Anonymous, “The Turner Exhibition at the Guildhall, ” The Illustrated London News 29 Apr. 1899：612-613.

Anonymous, “The Guildhall Gallery, ” The Morning Post 11 Apr. 1899：4.

Anonymous, “The Turner Exhibition: Opening by the Lord Mayor, ” The London Evining Standard 11 Apr. 1899：2.

Anonymous, “Guildhall Pictures: Turner and the English School, ” St. James’s Gazette 11 Apr. 1899：5.

Temple, Alfred George. “The Guildhall Exhibition of the Works of Turner, ” The Magazine of Art, Vol. 22, (1899) : 403-405.

Anonymous,“Turner at Guildhall: First Notice, ”The Daily Telegraph 8 Apr. 1899：11.

Anonymous, “The Turner Exhibition at the Guildhall, ” The Art Journal Vol. 61 (1899): 129-132.

Anonymous, “The Guildhall Gallery, ” The Athenaeum No. 3729 (1899.04): 472-473.
Anonymous, “Latest News, ” The Scotsman 8 Apr. 1899：9.

Anonymous, “Pictures at Guildhall. Opening of the Turner Exhibiton, ” The Globe 11 Apr. 1899: 2.

Anonymous, “A Turner Exhibition at the Guildhall, ” The Glasgow Herald 11 Apr. 1899: 7.

Anonymous, “Turner’ s Works: An Interesting Exhibition, ” The Thanet Advertiser 8 Jul. 1899: 3.

Anonymous, “The Chief Picture Sales of 1899, ” The Art Journal Vol. 61 (1899): 283-284.

Anonymous, “The New Turner Wing at the Tate Gallery, ” The Illustrated London News 23 Jul. 1910：128.

Cundali, H. M. “The New Turner Wing at the Tate Gallery, Opened this Week, ” The Graphic 23 Jul. 1910: 132.

（四）藝術經紀商帳本
M. Knoedler & Co. Sales book 11, 1916 May-1920 December (New York: M. Knoedler & Co, 1916)

二手資料
（一）西文專書
Shanes, Eric. Young Mr. Turner: The First Forty Years: 1775-1815 (London: Yale University Press, 2016)

Wilton, Andrew. Turner: In His Time (London: Thames & Hudson, 2006)

Warrell, Ian. J. M. W. Turner: The Making of a Master (London: Tate, 2013)

Warrell, Ian. J. M. W. Turner (London: Tate, 2013)

Warrell, Ian. Turner Inspired: In the Light of Claude (London: National Co., 2012)

Joll, Evelyn. Butlin,Martin. and Herrmann, Luke. The Oxford Companion to J. M. W. Turner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)

National Gallery, A Complete Inventory of the Drawings of the Turner Bequest (London: Darling & son, ltd., 1909)

Zorach, Rebecca. and Rodini, Elizabeth. Paper Museums: The Reproductive Print in Europe, 1500-1800 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2005)

Smith, Thomas. Recollections of the British Institution for Promoting the Fine Arts in the United Kingdom (London: Simpkin & Marshall, 1860)

Spalding, Frances. The Tate: A History (London: Tate Gallery Publishing, 1988)

Bowley, Arthur Lyon. Wages in the United Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century (London: Cambridge University Press, 1900)

Knight, Vivien Margaret. The History of Guildhall Art Gallery (London: Guildhall Library Publications, 1999)

O’Neill, Paul. The Culture of Curating and the Curating of Culture(s) (London: The MIT Press, 2012)

Reynolds, Joshua, edited by Wark, Robert R. Discourse on Art (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997)

（二）西文期刊
Helmreich, Anne. “The Art Dealer and Taste: The Case of David Croal Thomson and the Goupil Gallery, 1885–1897, ” Visual Culture in Britain, Vol. 6, No. 2 (December, 2005): 31-49.

Codell, Julie F. “Righting the Victorian Artist: The Redgraves’ A Century of Painters of the Painters of the English School and the Serialization of Art History, ” Oxford Art Journal, Vol. 23, No.2 (Winter 2000): 97-119.

（三）中文期刊
謝佳娟，〈設計的化身、繪畫的文法—十七世紀至十八世紀中葉英國素描概念的演變與意義〉，《新史學》21卷第4期（2010.12），頁57-139。

謝佳娟，〈根茲巴羅風景畫研究的變遷及其意義—一個藝術史學史的考察〉，《新史學》27卷第2期（2016.06），頁151-226。

謝佳娟，〈邁向全球化國際藝術中心之路—泰德美術館收藏展示簡史〉，《藝術認證》80期（2018.06），頁30-37。

謝佳娟，〈「自然之美與藝術經典的國家品味」：十八至十九世紀初印刷文化對英國貴族鄉間別墅形象的塑造〉，該文將於2019年12月發表於《藝術學研究》第25期。

電子資料庫與網路資源

1. The British Newspaper Archive：https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/
2. Royal Academy of Art：https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/
3. Tate：https://www.tate.org.uk/
4. National Gallery of Art：https://www.nga.gov/
5. National Gallery of Canada：https://www.gallery.ca/
6. Fine Art Society：https://thefineartsociety.com/history/
7. Royal Scottish Academy：https://www.royalscottishacademy.org/about-us/history-of-the-rsa/
8. Guildhall Art Gallery：http://www.guildhall.cityoflondon.gov.uk/art-gallery
9. Artist Biographies British and Irish Artists of 20th Century：https://www.artbiogs.co.uk/
10. National Galleries Scotland：https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/107805/david-croal-thomson
11. Walker Art Gallery：http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/about/
12. Manchester Art Gallery：http://manchesterartgallery.org/visit/about-us/
13. City of London：https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/about-the-city/about-us/Pages/default.aspx
14. legislation.gov.uk：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/
15. UK Parliament Parliamentary Archives：https://archives.parliament.uk/
16. Unofficial Royalty：http://www.unofficialroyalty.com/marlborough-house/
17. Oxford Advanced Learner′s Online Dictionary：https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/guinea_1?q=Guinea
18. HATHI TRUST：https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000207880
19. The Frick Collection：https://collections.frick.org/objects/267/mortlake-terrace-early-summer-morning?ctx=c06d1c1e-782d-479b-8bc6-49c69e926dfb&idx=0
20. National Gallery of Art：https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.116.html#provenance
21. Sothebys：http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2017/old-masters-evening-sale-l17033/lot.21.html

指導教授

謝佳娟(Chia-Chuan Hsieh)

審核日期

2019-11-28

推文