自動車三焦段鏡頭設計

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古德塏(De-Kai Ku) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

光電科學與工程學系

論文名稱

自動車三焦段鏡頭設計

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至系統瀏覽論文 (2024-7-24以後開放)

摘要(中)

本文為三鏡頭光學設計，作為下一世代自動駕駛系統影像識別使用，主要目的是讓自動駕駛系統在-30C至70C環境溫度下，影像皆可以清楚的辨識，增加自動駕駛系統的穩定與安全性。三鏡頭的特性如下：近距離鏡頭設計之物距範圍小於30m，焦距為3.6491 mm，F/#為2.2，最大半視角為75，中距離鏡頭設計之物距範圍30m - 70m，焦距為10.5081 mm，F/#為2.2，最大半視角為25，長距離鏡頭設計之物距範圍70-150m，焦距為18.287 mm，F/#為2.2，最大半視角為15。此三鏡頭設計都考慮環境溫度-30C至70C對熱校正。
隨著環境溫度的變化，鏡片的參數值會隨之改變，在消熱差的光學系統設計中，其有效焦距同步改變，即系統總屈光度會隨溫度變化而有所變化。在消熱差光學系統須使總屈光度與溫度之變化(d/dT)為零，如果d/dT無法消除則需使用鏡筒材質的膨脹係數(β)來補償，進而達到消熱差設計，本文在消熱差設計以優化不同鏡片與鏡筒材料的來達到消熱差的效果。
最終設計在環境溫度-30C至70C間的三焦段鏡頭之MTF(110 lp/mm)可達到0.6以上並並且切向與徑向的差異量小於0.1；相對照度達到86 %以上；短波長(F’-line)至長波長(C’-line) 橫向色差最大值為小於2.25um，畸變值小於2 %，材料優化後消熱差條件小於1.9110-6。

摘要(英)

The thesis is about the design of three different focal lenses for next generation of autopilot. The purpose is that let the autopilot could be safe and stabilized to identify environment within temperature range from -30C to 70C. The three lens specifications are as follows: Lens with short focal length - Object distance is less than 30 meters, Focal length is 3.6491 mm, F/# is 2.2, and the maximum of half-FOV(field-of-view) is 75 degree; Lens with moderate focal length- Object distance is between 30 and 70 meters, Focal length is 10.5081 mm
,F/# is 2.2,and the maximum of half-FOV(field-of-view) is 25 degree; Lens with long focal length - Object distance is between 70 and 150 meters, Focal length is 18.287 mm, F/# is 2.2,and the maximum of half-FOV(field-of-view) is 15 degree.
The advantage of the three lenses is introducing thermal compensation to optical design at temperature between -30C and 70C. It means that little focal shifts at different temperature between -30C and 70C.
Temperature variation induces refractive index change of glass. Due to thermal expansion that lens radius, thickness of optical element, air gap, and the shape of mechanics are changed. Applying the thermal coefficient of the refractive index (dn/dT) of lens, thermal expansion coefficient of the lens (α) and the thermal expansion coefficient of mount (β) to optical simulation is necessary.
Lens parameters will vary with environmental temperature. Athermal design will let effective length change coherent with thermal variation. It means that diopter and thermal variation will change simultaneously. In Athermal system, the ration between diopter and thermal variation (d/dT) should be zero. If d/dT could not be eliminated, the thermal expansion coefficient (β) of the barrel will be used for athermal compensation. The thesis is focused on eliminating athermal effect by adjusting lens diopter and material of the barrel.
Conclusion that triple-focus lens between -30C and 70C has benefits as below: MTF @110lp/mm >0.6 and the gap between tangential and radial is small than 0.1, Relative illumination>86%, Later color between short wavelength (F’-line) and long one (C’-line)<2.25μm, Optical distortion<2%, athermalization is small than 1.9110-6.

關鍵字(中)

★ 廣角鏡頭
★ 消熱差
★ 熱膨脹係數
★ 折射率的溫度係數

關鍵字(英)

論文目次

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 IV
目錄 V
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 XV
第一章緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 研究動機 2
1-3 文獻回顧 4
1-4 Yang[25]和Rogers[38]消熱差補償方式範例 11
1-5 論文架構 15
第二章理論 17
2-2 溫度對鏡頭參數的影響 18
2-2-1 玻璃折射率與溫度關係 18
2-2-3 溫度變化與熱膨脹係數對鏡片參數的影響 19
2-2-4 屈光度變化與dn/dt關係 20
2-3 相對照度 23
2-3-1-1立體角定義 23
2-3-1-2投影立體角與正向立體角關係 28
2-3-2介面穿透率 30
2-3-2-1垂直入射反射率與介面穿透率定義 30
2-3-2-2斜向入射反射率與介面穿透率(Tθ)定義 31
2-3-4 相對照度公式 33
2-5 畸變種類 35
2-5-1 F-theta畸變 35
2-5-2 光學畸變 37
第三章設計方法 39
3-1 感測器規格 39
3-2 波長的選取 40
3-3 MTF空間頻率的選取 40
3-4 溫度範圍選取 41
3-5 有效焦距值設計 42
3-6 設計目標 43
3-7 設計過程 44
3-7-1 起始值設計 44
3-7-2 材料選取範圍設定 45
3-7-3 優化過程 46
3-7-5 環境溫度分析之CODE V 設定 47
3-7-6 消熱差補償 55
4-1 近距離鏡組設計目標與設計結果比較 65
4-1-1 組設計結果與相關參數 65
4-1-2 近距離鏡頭公差分析 115
4-2 中距離鏡組設計目標與設計結果比較 120
4-2-1 鏡組設計結果與相關參數 120
4-2-2 中距離鏡頭公差分析 136
4-3 遠距離鏡組設計目標與設計結果比較 141
4-3-1 鏡組設計結果與相關參數 141
4-3-2 遠距離鏡頭公差分析 156
第五章結論與未來展望 161
附錄一(不同玻璃之色散係數) 163
附錄二(溫度係數常數) 166
附錄三(10mm之鏡片內部穿透率) 169
附錄四(25mm之鏡片內部穿透率) 172

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審核日期

2019-8-1

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