藥物的回收：藉由萃取與再結晶將活性藥物成分從不同藥物中回收

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姓名

葉智豪(Dhanang Edy Pratama) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

藥物的回收：藉由萃取與再結晶將活性藥物成分從不同藥物中回收
(Drug Recycle: Recovery of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients from Various Medications Using Solvent Extraction and Recrystallization)

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摘要(中)

在本篇研究中，我們提出一種從市售藥物中回收其活性藥物成分（API）的方法，回收得到的API可經由配方加工重製為新產品；透過藥物再循環方案回收藥物中最重要成分–API，其步驟包括清洗、溶劑萃取及再結晶，本研究使用兩種API物作為示例，分別為：布洛芬（一種常用的抗炎藥）和普羅布考（一種抗高血脂藥物），首先，參考專利文獻，製備具有特定配方（API和賦形劑組成）的布洛芬和普羅布考藥物製劑，經過一系列的回收步驟，我們可從藥物製劑中分別成功回收63 w/w％的布洛芬及73 w/w％的普羅布考；其次，我們亦對市售布洛芬和普羅布考藥物進行測試，以確保我們所提出的方案亦可以應用於含有相同API但不同廠牌的藥物產品，即使賦形劑的含量和組成未知，根據實驗結果得知，使用相同的方法，市售的布洛芬和普羅布考分別成功地回收86 w/w％和73 w/w％。此外，所有回收的API純度分析包含 FTIR、PXRD、DSC、UV-Vis光譜和 1H NMR等鑑定。

摘要(英)

We proposed a method to recycle valuable active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from various kind of medications, so later it could be re-formulated as a new product. In the drug recycle scheme, the most important component of the medication (the API) was recovered by drug recycle protocol which consisted of rinsing, solvent extraction, and recrystallization. The APIs used were ibuprofen, a common anti-inflammatory drug, and probucol, an anti-hyperlipidemic drug. Formulated ibuprofen and probucol with a fixed composition of the API and excipients were each prepared. Those APIs were recycled, in which up to 63 w/w% of ibuprofen and 73 w/w% of probucol were successfully recovered from drug formulations. Additionally, the procedure was also tested for commercially available medications to see if the established protocol could also be applied to any kind of drug products containing the same APIs, regardless of the excipient content and composition. Using the same method, ibuprofen and probucol were successfully extracted and recrystallized from the commercial drug products available in pharmacies, with the recovery of 86 and 73 w/w% for ibuprofen and probucol, respectively. The purity of all recovered APIs were verified by FTIR, PXRD, DSC, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and 1H NMR.

關鍵字(中)

★ 藥品回收
★ 活性藥物成分
★ 萃取
★ 結晶

關鍵字(英)

★ Drug Recycle
★ Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
★ Extraction
★ Crystallization

論文目次

摘要 i
Abstract ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figures vii
List of Tables xiv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem of Medication Wastage 1
1.1.1 The Extent of Unused Medications Around Us 1
1.1.2 Pharmaceutical Donations 2
1.1.3 The Impact of Unused Drugs 4
1.2 Available Solutions to Unused Drugs Problems 5
1.3 Pharmaceutical Contents 6
1.3.1 Introduction to Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) 6
1.3.2 Introduction of Excipients 10
1.4 Drug Recycle Attempt 11
1.5 Liquid-Solid Extraction 12
1.6 Solvents Used in Pharmaceutical Industries 14
1.7 Conceptual Framework 16
1.8 Scope of This Study 17
1.9 References 18
Chapter 2 Materials and Methods 26
2.1 Materials 26
2.1.1 Chemicals 26
2.1.2 Solvents 27
2.2 Experimental Procedures 28
2.2.1 General Overview of the Process 28
2.2.2 Case I: Recycle of Ibuprofen 35
2.2.3 Case II: Recycle of Probucol 41
2.3 Analytical Measurements 46
2.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 46
2.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 47
2.3.3 Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) 48
2.3.4 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) 49
2.3.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) 49
2.3.6 Optical Microscopy (OM) 50
2.4 References 51
Chapter 3 Results and Discussion 52
3.1 Results 52
3.1.1 Case I: Recovery of Ibuprofen 52
3.1.2 Case II: Recovery of Probucol 62
3.2 Discussion 72
3.2.1 Recovery Analysis 72
3.2.2 The Use of SDS as Rinsing Solution 75
3.2.3 Cost Estimation of API Synthesis vs API Recovery 76
3.2.4 Process Comparison 80
3.2.5 Process Scale-up 84
3.3 References 86
Chapter 4 Conclusions and Future Works 88
4.1 Conclusions 88
4.2 Future Works 89
Supplementary Information 90
A. Solubility of APIs and Excipients Used in This Study 91
B. Photographs of Drug Recycle Experiments 92
C. OM Images of API Crystals 94
D. Seeding Effect on Probucol Polymorphs 95
E. Price List of Chemicals for Cost Analysis 97
F. Records of Experimental Results and Mass Balance of the Processes 99

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指導教授

李度(Tu Lee)

審核日期

2018-7-24

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