Cultural Orientation and Acculturation: An Exploration of Measures of Cultural Orientation and Interplay of Factors Involved in Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Swazi Sojourners in Taiwan

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：17

、訪客IP：3.144.250.169

姓名

何安朵(Nothando Sithulile Nkambule) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

認知與神經科學研究所

論文名稱

(Cultural Orientation and Acculturation: An Exploration of Measures of Cultural Orientation and Interplay of Factors Involved in Cross-Cultural Adjustment of Swazi Sojourners in Taiwan)

相關論文

★ 基於獨立EEG成分的運動執行、運動想像和運動觀察的源識別及比較乾/濕電極的獨立成分差異	★ 探討P300事件關聯電位特徵用於分析隱藏訊息測驗之腦波資料的效果
★ 道德決策判斷：以道德基礎理論探討道德基本原則如何形塑個體的政治意識形態、社會議題之態度與司法判決	★ How the Brain Deals with the Asymmetry between Chinese Subject and Object Relative Clauses: Support for a Dynamic Processing Theory
★ Increased Cognitive Load with Spatial Cueing Task Augments the P300 Amplitude Differences in EEG-based CIT Experiments	★ 以毛筆筆刷、手掌觸摸、和指尖輕點的觸覺刺激探討情動觸摸所引發的theta 頻段腦波強度變化
★ 運用VGG網絡對靜息態功能性磁振造影成分圖進行區分

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

[檢視]

[下載]

本電子論文使用權限為同意立即開放。
已達開放權限電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。

摘要(中)

近期的研究提出文化的概念不僅是多維的，也是動態的。儘管有這些研究結果，目前的研究對於文化確切的概念化及量測仍然相當缺乏。本研究企圖研究兩種文化概念的概念化及量測，亦即文化取向和涵化 (文化適應)。研究一探討兩種文化取向的外顯式量測方法(自陳式量表 self-report scale 及情景量表 scenario scale) 之間的收斂效度，以及該兩種外顯量測與一種內隱式量測(IC-IAT) 之間的收斂效度。本研究亦探討從IC-IAT 檢測出不同程度的個人主義者和集體主義者之大腦神經反應是否有顯著差異。研究二探討各種涵化因素之間的關係，並且使用動態建構主義方法調查外籍學生的文化取向是否改變。雖然自陳式量表顯示參與者皆為集體主義者，但情景量表和IC-IAT 則指出參與者在個人主義上的得分高於在集體主義上的得分。不幸的是，這種差異並沒有在大腦的神經反應上顯示出來。在自陳式報告量表，情景量表和IC-IAT 的結果差異可用二種模式解釋。逃避應對策略解釋了文化壓力適應，壓力感知，身體壓力症狀和謹慎性之間的關係。然而，使用動態建構主義方法在國際學生的文化取向上沒有表示顯著的改變。

摘要(英)

Recent findings suggest that cultural constructs are not only multidimensional but are also dynamic. Despite these findings, there is still scant attention being paid to updating our current apprehension and assessment of cultural concepts. This study sought to investigate the conceptualization and assessment of two cultural constructs, namely cultural orientation and acculturation. Using a multidimensional approach, study 1 examined the convergence validity first between two cultural orientation explicit measures (self-report and scenario scale) and then between those two explicit measures and an implicit measure (IC-IAT). We also investigated whether the differences in the level of endorsement of individualism and collectivism detected by the IC-IAT were reflected at the neural level. Study 2 examined the relationship among various acculturation factors and used the dynamic constructivist approach to investigate whether the cultural orientation of Sojourners changes as a function of the host or heritage culture icons priming. While the self-report scale showed that participants were collectivists, the scenario scale and IC-IAT reflected that the participants endorsed more individualist values than collectivist values. Unfortunately, this difference was not reflected on the neural level. The discrepancies in self-reporting scales, scenario scales, and IC-IAT results can be explained using two models. Among the acculturation factors, demographic and personal characteristics were predictors of acculturation style and outcomes. Avoidant coping strategy explained the relationship between cultural adaptation stress, perceived stress, physical stress symptoms and conscientiousness. However, changes in cultural orientation of Sojourners as a function of the host or heritage culture icons priming were not significantly different. Our results contribute to literature by extending the scope of the current research to include understudied population.

關鍵字(中)

★ 個人主義
★ 集體主義
★ 涵化

關鍵字(英)

★ Individualism
★ Collectivism
★ Acculturation

論文目次

Chinese Abstract i
English Abstract. ii
Table of Contents . iii
List of Figures . viii
List of Tables .. ix
Overview of the thesis 1
Study 1 . 4
Literature Review . 4
1.1-Individualism and Collectivism .. 4
1.2-Origins on Individualism and Collectivism .. 5
1.3-Conceptualization of Individualism-Collectivism.. 6
1.4-Measuring Cultural Orientation .. 8
1.4.1-Explicit and Implicit Measures 10
1.4.2-Comparison Between Explicit Measures and Explicit Measures .. 11
1.4.3-The Relationship Between Implicit and Explicit Measures. 14
1.4.3.1-Interacting System- Mode Model 15
1.4.3.2-Dissociation System - Dual Attitude Theory. 17
1.4.3.3-Structural Fit . 17
1.4.4-Current Cultural Orientation Measures 19
1.4.5-New Cultural Orientation Measure . 21
1.4.5.1-IC-IAT structure considerations 24
1.4.5.2-Cultural Orientation Measures and Event Related Potential .. 25
Study 1: Section 1: Methods. 27
2.1- Overview.. 27
2.2 -Samples’ Cultural Orientation .. 28
2.3 -Participants 30
2.4 -Measures .. 31
2.5-Data analysis .. 33
Results . 34
3.1- HV-IC Self-Report or Attitude Scale 34
3.1.1- Within Group Cultural Orientation. 34
3.1.2-Between Group Cultural Orientation . 35
3.2- HV-IC Scenario Scale.. 36
3.2.1-Within Group Cultural Orientation.. 37
3.2.2- Between Group Cultural Orientation. 37
3.3- Comparing HV-IC Self-Report and Scenario Scales. 39
Discussion .. 41
4.1-Cultural Orientation- HV-IC Self-Report Scale. 41
4.2-Cultural Orientation- HV-IC Scenario Scale 41
4.3-Relationship Between the Two Explicit Measures 42
Study 1: Section 2 . 50
5.1-Overview of the Study .. 50
5.2-Pilot Study Methods 51
5.2.1-Participants .. 51
5.2.2-Measures .. 52
5.2.3-Experiment Procedure 53
5.2.4-Data Analysis . 56
5.2.5-Results 58
5.2.6-Discussion. 61
5.3- Overview of the Main Study.. 64
5.3.1-Participants .. 67
5.3.2-Measures .. 67
5.3.3-Procedure . 68
5.3.4-EEG Recording and Setup .. 70
Results . 70
6.1-HV-IC Cultural Orientation Self –Report Scale Results . 70
6.2-HV-IC Cultural Orientation Scenario Scale Results . 71
6.3-Individualism Collectivism-Implicit Association Test (IC-IAT).. 72
6.4-Relationship Between Cultural Orientation Measures………………….. 73
6.5-ERP Results 74
Discussion .. 76
Study 2 . 85
Study 2: Section 1 . 85
Literature Review.. 85
1.1-Acculturation . 87
1.1.1 -Antecedent Variables 88
1.1.2-Acculturation Orientation or Style . 89
1.1.3-Acculturation Outcomes . 90
1.2-Relationship Among Acculturation Factors 90
Methods 99
2.1-Participants . 99
2.2-Measures . 100
2.3-Data analysis 106
Results . 108
3.1-Relationship Among Acculturation Factors 109
3.2-Mediation and moderation .. 118
3.3-Cultural Orientation and Acculturation. 120
Discussion .. 122
4.1-Relationship Between Antecedent Variables and Acculturation Style. 123
4.2-Relationship Between Antecedent Variables and Psychological Outcomes.126
4.2.1-Life Satisfaction stress . 127
4.2.1-Acculturative stress, perceived stress and physical symptoms of Stress ..128
4.3-Acculturation and Cultural Orientation 130
Study 2: Section 2 Methods 132
5.1-Overview .. 132
5.2-Participants .. 136
5.3-Measures .. 137
5.4-Procedure . 138
Results . 140
Discussion .. 141
Overall Discussion and Conclusion 144
References . 171
Appendices 202

參考文獻

1. Abu-Rayya, H. M., & Abu-Rayya, M. H. (2009). Acculturation, religious identity, and psychological well-being among Palestinians in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(4), 325-331.
2. Aelenei, C., Darnon, C., & Martinot, D. (2016). When school and family convey different cultural messages: the experience of Turkish minority group members in France. Psychologica Belgica, 56(2).
3. Ahadi, S. A., & Puente-Díaz, R. (2011). Acculturation, personality, and psychological adjustment. Psychological reports, 109(3), 842-862.
4. Ait Ouarasse, O., & Van de Vijver, F. J. (2004). Structure and function of the perceived acculturation context of young Moroccans in the Netherlands. International Journal of Psychology, 39(3), 190-204.
5. Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 27-58.
6. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological bulletin, 84(5), 888.
7. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour.
8. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2000). Attitudes and the attitude-behavior relation: Reasoned and automatic processes. European review of social psychology, 11(1), 1-33.
9. Akande, D. (2009). The legal nature of security Council referrals to the ICC and its impact on Al Bashir′s Immunities. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 7(2), 333-352.
10. AlAnezi, A., & Alansari, B. (2016). Gender differences in Hofstede′s cultural dimensions among a Kuwaiti sample. European Psychiatry, 33, S503-S504.
11. Alba, R. D., & Nee, V. (2009). Remaking the American mainstream: Assimilation and contemporary immigration. Harvard University Press.
12. Ali, A. J., Lee, M., Hsieh, Y. C., & Krishnan, K. (2005). Individualism and collectivism in Taiwan. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 12(4), 3-16.
13. Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of studies in international education, 11(3-4), 290-305.
14. Amodio DM, Frith CD (2006): Meeting of minds: The medical prefrontal cortex and social cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:268– 277
15. Anderson-Levitt, K. M. (2012). Complicating the concept of culture. Comparative education, 48(4), 441-454.
16. Arends-Tóth, J., & van de Vijver, F. J. (2006). Issues in the Conceptualization and Assessment of Acculturation.
17. Arends-Tóth, J., Van de Vijver, F. J., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2006). The influence of method factors on the relation between attitudes and self-reported behaviors in the assessment of acculturation. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 4-12.
18. Ark, A. K. (2013). Culture, Confucianism, and Communication: How Culture Affects International Students from China and Taiwan Who Come to the US to Study Education (Doctoral dissertation, Bowling Green State University).
19. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence: A test of three key hypotheses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(11), 1421-1432.
20. Arthur Jr, W., & Bennett Jr, W. (1995). The international assignee: The relative importance of factors perceived to contribute to success. Personnel Psychology, 48(1), 99-114.
21. Aukst-Margetić, B., & Margetić, B. (2005). Religiosity and health outcomes: review of literature. Collegium antropologicum, 29(1), 365-371.
22. Ayçiçegi-Dinn, A., & Caldwell-Harris, C. L. (2011). Individualism–collectivism among Americans, Turks and Turkish immigrants to the US. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(1), 9-16.
23. Aydinli, A., & Bender, M. (2015). Cultural priming as a tool to understand multiculturalism and culture. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 13.
24. Baron, R. A., & Byrne, D. E. (1984). Social psychology: Understanding human interaction. Allyn & Bacon.
25. Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis. Personnel psychology, 44(1), 1-26.
26. Beiser. M.. Barwick, C.. Berry, J.W.. da Costa. G.. Fantino, A., Ganesan. S., Lee. C.. Milne. W.. Naidoo. J.. Prince, R., Tousignant. M.. & Vela, E. (1988). Menial health issues affecting immigrants and refugees. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada.
27. Bekker, E. M., Kenemans, J. L., & Verbaten, M. N. (2005). Source analysis of the N2 in a cued Go/NoGo task. Cognitive Brain Research, 22(2), 221-231.
28. Benet‐Martínez, V., & Haritatos, J. (2005). Bicultural identity integration (BII): Components and psychosocial antecedents. Journal of personality, 73(4), 1015-1050.
29. Benet-Martínez, V., & Karakitapoglu-Aygün, Z. (2003). The interplay of cultural syndromes and personality in predicting life satisfaction: Comparing Asian Americans and European Americans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(1), 38-60.
30. Benet-Martínez, V., Leu, J., Lee, F., & Morris, M. W. (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame switching in biculturals with oppositional versus compatible cultural identities. Journal of Cross-cultural psychology, 33(5), 492-516.
31. Benita, M. S., & Supriya, M. V. (2016). Acculturative stress: effect on academic performance of rural migrant students. International Journal of Business Excellence, 10(1), 78-89.
32. Benson, P. R. (2010). Coping, distress, and well-being in mothers of children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4(2), 217-228.
33. Berk, L. E.(2003). Development through the lifespan (Third Edition ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon
34. Berry, J. W. (1976). Human ecology and cognitive style: Comparative studies in cultural and psychological adaptation(Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons.
35. Berry, J. W. (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. American Psychological Association.
36. Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International journal of intercultural relations, 29(6), 697-712.
37. Berry, J. W. (2006). Acculturative stress. In Handbook of multicultural perspectives on stress and coping (pp. 287-298). Springer, Boston, MA.
38. Berry, J. W., & Sam, D. L. (2014). Multicultural societies. Handbook of multicultural identity: Basic and applied perspectives, 97-117.
39. Berry, J. W., Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., & Dasen, P. R. (2002). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge University Press.
40. Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied psychology, 55(3), 303-332.
41. Blais, M. R., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., & Brière, N. M. (1989). L′échelle de satisfaction de vie: Validation canadienne-française du" Satisfaction with Life Scale.". Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 21(2), 210.
42. Bond, M. H. (2002). Reclaiming the individual from Hofstede′s ecological analysis--A 20-year odyssey: Comment on Oyserman et al. (2002). Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 73-77.
43. Bond, M. H., & Hwang, K. K. (1986). The social psychology of Chinese people. Oxford University Press.
44. Bontempo, R. (1993). Translation fidelity of psychological scales: An item response theory analysis of an individualism-collectivism scale. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 24(2), 149-166.
45. Bornstein, M. H. (2017). The specificity principle in acculturation science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(1), 3-45.
46. Bosshard, S. S., Bourke, J. D., Kunaharan, S., Koller, M., & Walla, P. (2016). Established liked versus disliked brands: Brain activity, implicit associations and explicit responses. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), 1176691.
47. Bourhis, R. Y., Moise, L. C., Perreault, S., & Senecal, S. (1997). Towards an interactive acculturation model: A social psychological approach. International journal of psychology, 32(6), 369-386.
48. Brislin, R.W. (1980), "Translation and content analysis of oral and written material", in Triandis, H.C. and Berry, J.W. (Eds}, Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology, Vol. 2. Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA, pp. 389-444
49. Brougham, R. R., Zail, C. M., Mendoza, C. M., & Miller, J. R. (2009). Stress, sex differences, and coping strategies among college students. Current psychology, 28(2), 85-97.
50. Butcher, A., & McGrath, T. (2004). International students in New Zealand: Needs and responses. International Education Journal, 5(4), 540-551.
51. Cabassa, L. J. (2003). Measuring acculturation: Where we are and where we need to go. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25(2), 127-146.
52. Campesino, M., & Schwartz, G. E. (2006). Spirituality among Latinas/os implications of culture in conceptualization and measurement. ANS. Advances in nursing science, 29(1), 69.
53. Cannell, C. F., Miller, P. V., & Oksenberg, L. (1981). Research on interviewing techniques. Sociological methodology, 12, 389-437.
54. Cao, J. 2009. “The Analysis of Tendency of Transition from Collectivism to Individualism in China: The Analysis of Tendency of Transition from Collectivism to Individualism in China.” Cross-Cultural Communication 5 (4): 42–50.
55. Caplan, S., Escobar, J., Paris, M., Alvidrez, J., Dixon, J. K., Desai, M. M., ... & Whittemore, R. (2013). Cultural influences on causal beliefs about depression among Latino immigrants. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 24(1), 68-77.
56. Carroll, L. (2013). Problem-focused coping. In Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1540-1541). Springer, New York, NY.
57. Carruthers, P. (2018). Implicit versus explicit attitudes: Differing manifestations of the same representational structures?. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 9(1), 51-72.
58. Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’too long: Consider the brief cope. International journal of behavioral medicine, 4(1), 92.
59. Carver, C. S., & Vargas, S. (2011). Stress, coping, and health. The Oxford handbook of health psychology, 162-188.
60. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of personality and social psychology, 56(2), 267.
61. Celenk, O., & Van de Vijver, F. J. (2011). Assessment of acculturation: Issues and overview of measures. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 8(1), 10.
62. Celenk, O., & Van de Vijver, F. J. (2014). Assessment of psychological acculturation and multiculturalism: An overview of measures in the public domain. The Oxford handbook of multicultural identity, 205-226.
63. Centinkaya-Yidiz, E., Cakir, S. G., & Kondakci, Y. (2011). Psychological distress among international student in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 534-539. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.04.001
64. Cervantes, R. C., & Castro, F. G. (1985). Stress, coping, and Mexican American mental health: A systematic review. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 7(1), 1-73.
65. Cha, J. H. (1994). Aspects of individualism and collectivism in Korea.
66. Chan, D., & Schmitt, N. (1997). Video-based versus paper-and-pencil method of assessment in situational judgment tests: subgroup differences in test performance and face validity perceptions. Journal of applied psychology, 82(1), 143.
67. Chen, M. C., & Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Development and validation of the NEO-PI-R for a Taiwanese sample. Progress in Asian social psychology, 2, 105-119.
68. Chen, S. X., Benet‐Martínez, V., & Harris Bond, M. (2008). Bicultural Identity, bilingualism, and psychological adjustment in multicultural societies: immigration‐based and globalization‐based acculturation. Journal of personality, 76(4), 803-838.
69. Cheng, C. Y., Lee, F., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2006). Assimilation and contrast effects in cultural frame switching: Bicultural identity integration and valence of cultural cues. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(6), 742-760.
70. Cheng, C. Y., Sanchez-Burks, J., & Lee, F. (2008). Connecting the dots within: Creative performance and identity integration. Psychological Science, 19(11), 1178-1184.
71. Chiao, J. Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., Saito, D., Parrish, T. B., Sadato, N., & Iidaka, T. (2009). Dynamic cultural influences on neural
72. Chiao, J. Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., Saito, D., ... & Iidaka, T. (2010). Dynamic cultural influences on neural representations of the self. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(1), 1-11.
73. Chiao, J. Y., Harada, T., Komeda, H., Li, Z., Mano, Y., Saito, D., ... & Iidaka, T. (2010). Dynamic cultural influences on neural representations of the self. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(1), 1-11.
74. Chiou, J. S. (2001). Horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism among college students in the United States, Taiwan, and Argentina. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(5), 667-678.
75. Chirkov, V. I., Lynch, M., & Niwa, S. (2005). Application of the scenario questionnaire of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism to the assessment of cultural distance and cultural fit. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(4), 469-490.
76. Chirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(1), 97.
77. Chirkov, V., Vansteenkiste, M., Tao, R., & Lynch, M. (2007). The role of self-determined motivation and goals for study abroad in the adaptation of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(2), 199-222.
78. Choi, I., Nisbett, R. E., & Norenzayan, A. (1999). Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality. Psychological bulletin, 125(1), 47.
79. Chung, R. C. Y., Bemak, F., & Wong, S. (2000). Vietnamese refugees′ levels of distress, social support, and acculturation: Implications for mental health counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22(2).
80. Church, A. T. (1982). Sojourner adjustment. Psychological bulletin, 91(3), 540.
81. CIA World Factbook (2017). Retrieved April 9, 2018 from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2017/index.html
82. Coates, M. A. (2011). Event-Related Potential Measures of Task Switching in the Implicit Association Task. Ph.D. Psychology, University of Ottawa.
83. Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983). Positive events and social supports as buffers of life change stress1. Journal of applied social psychology, 13(2), 99-125.
84. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396.
85. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1994). Perceived stress scale. Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists, 235-283.
86. Constantine, M. G., Wilton, L., & Caldwell, L. D. (2003). The role of social support in moderating the relationship between psychological distress and willingness to seek psychological help among Black and Latino college students. Journal of College Counseling, 6(2), 155-165.
87. Conway III, L. G., Ryder, A. G., Tweed, R. G., & Sokol, B. W. (2001). Intranational cultural variation: Exploring further implications of collectivism within the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(6), 681-697.
88. Cortés, D. E., Rogler, L. H., & Malgady, R. G. (1994). Biculturality among puerto rican adults in the united states. American journal of community psychology, 22(5), 707-721.
89. Costa Jr, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and individual differences, 13(6), 653-665.
90. Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological assessment, 4(1), 5.
91. Cox, P. L., Friedman, B. A., & Tribunella, T. (2011). Relationships among cultural dimensions, national gross domestic product, and environmental sustainability. Journal of applied Business and Economics, 12(6), 46-56.
92. Cozma, I. (2011). How are individualism and collectivism measured. Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 13(1), 11-17.
93. Craeynest, M., Crombez, G., De Houwer, J., Deforche, B., Tanghe, A., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. (2005). Explicit and implicit attitudes towards food and physical activity in childhood obesity. Behaviour research and therapy, 43(9), 1111-1120.
94. Crockett, L. J., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2009). Substance use among Latino adolescents: Cultural, social, and psychological considerations.
95. Cross, S. E. (1995). Self-construals, coping, and stress in cross-cultural adaptation. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 26(6), 673-697.

指導教授

段正仁(Jeng-Ren Duann)

審核日期

2018-10-15

推文