探討電鍍與無電鍍鎳鈀金表面處理於硫氣環境之腐蝕行為與可靠度分析

以作者查詢圖書館館藏

、以作者查詢臺灣博碩士

、以作者查詢全國書目

、勘誤回報

、線上人數：10

、訪客IP：3.17.156.200

姓名

沈怡廷(Yi-Ting Shen) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

探討電鍍與無電鍍鎳鈀金表面處理於硫氣環境之腐蝕行為與可靠度分析

相關論文

★ 錫碲擴散偶之擴散阻障層界面反應	★ 熱電材料與擴散阻障層在電流影響下的界面反應研究
★ 無鉛銲料與無電鍍鈷基板於多次迴焊之界面反應與可靠度測試	★ 無電鍍鎳磷層應用於熱電材料與無鉛銲料之界面研究
★ 高可靠度車用印刷電路板之表面處理層開發	★ 共濺鍍銅鈦薄膜之相分離演化機制與其對機械性質於3DIC接合的影響
★ 添加微量錫銀銅合金之銅薄膜與銅基板之接合研究	★ 新式低溫合金焊料之開發與界面反應探討及可靠度分析
★ 電遷移對純錫導線晶粒旋轉之研究	★ 以同步輻射臨場量測電遷移對純錫導線應力分佈之研究
★ 鋁鍺薄膜封裝研究	★ 無鉛銲料錫銀鉍銦與銅電極之電遷移研究
★ 以表面處理及塗佈奈米粒子抑制錫晶鬚生長	★ 鋁鍺雙層薄膜之擴散行為與金屬誘發結晶現象研究
★ 鋁(銅)與鎳混合導線於矽通孔製程之電遷移現象研究	★ 無鉛銲料與碲化鉍基材之界面反應研究

檔案

[Endnote RIS 格式]

[Bibtex 格式]

[相關文章]

[文章引用]

[完整記錄]

[館藏目錄]

至系統瀏覽論文 (2024-7-30以後開放)

摘要(中)

在電子元件應用中腐蝕在可靠度方面為受關注之議題，本研究將比較電鍍鎳鈀金與無電鍍鎳鈀金表面處理之抗腐蝕性，透過單層金屬腐蝕實驗分析各材料之耐蝕性，另藉由複合金屬鍍層之腐蝕結果分析其可靠度與其腐蝕機制，將不同金屬表面處理放置於腐蝕反應腔體中，其腐蝕條件分別為15 ppm、150 ppm以及1500 ppm之二氧化硫氣體，其腐蝕環境溫度為80 °C、濕度為100% RH (relative humidity)，腐蝕時間分別為48、120以及240小時，以了解短時間至長時間之腐蝕結果以及腐蝕性氣體濃度對於腐蝕結果的影響，實驗後藉由掃描式電子顯微鏡(Scanning Electronic Microscopy，SEM)觀察試片表面形貌，能量散射光譜儀(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer，EDS)分析腐蝕物之元素，以及低掠角X光繞射儀(Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction，GIXRD)鑑定其化合物種類，化學分析電子能譜儀(Electron Spectroscopy of Chemical Analysis，ESCA)縱深分析觀察原子於材料間之擴散行為，本研究於腐蝕後之橫截面發現無電鍍鎳鈀金經高濃度腐蝕後在鎳層有掏空現象發生，最後透過上述腐蝕實驗之結果，得知電鍍鎳鈀金表面處理之抗腐蝕能力優於無電鍍鎳鈀金表面處理，藉由分析電鍍與無電鍍複合金屬之結構差異建立鎳鈀金複合金屬層之腐蝕機制。

摘要(英)

Corrosion is a serious reliability concern for electronic products. In this study, corrosion resistance of electroplating Ni/Pd/Au is compared with electroless Ni/Pd/Au (ENEPIG) surface finishes, and both of them are plated on Cu pad in automobile printed circuit board (PCB). The corrosion properties of materials were obtained by single coating layer. The samples coated with different surface finishing layers were placed in a chamber of 100% RH (relative humidity) and an ambient of 15 ppm, 150 ppm and 1500 ppm of SO2. After the corrosion test, the morphology of corrosion products formed on the surface were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the elements of corrosion products were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Grazing incident X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) was applied to characterize the crystal structure of the corrosion products. The electron spectroscopy of chemical analysis (ESCA) was used to observe the diffusion of atoms. There were pores in the Ni layer of ENEPIG after corrosion test by observing its cross-section. The results reveal that the electroplating Ni/Pd/Au has better corrosion resistance than the ENEPIG. A mechanism is proposed to discuss the corrosion behaviors for the surface finishes.

關鍵字(中)

★ 鎳鈀金表面處理
★ 電鍍金屬
★ 無電鍍金屬
★ 硫氣腐蝕
★ 可靠度分析
★ 電化學分析

關鍵字(英)

論文目次

摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
目錄 V
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 XII
第一章序論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 印刷電路板製程 2
1-2-1 印製電路板底片 2
1-2-2 內層線路成型 3
1-2-3 疊板壓合與機械鑽孔 3
1-2-4 外層電路成型 3
1-2-5 防焊層與表面處理 3
1-2-6 線路測試及包裝 4
1-3 腐蝕現象 4
1-3-1 大氣腐蝕 6
1-3-2 濃度影響 7
1-4 表面處理(Surface Finish) 9
1-4-1 熱風焊錫整平(Hot Air Solder Leveling，HASL) 10
1-4-2 有機保焊膜(Organic Soldering Preservative，OSP) 11
1-4-3 化錫(Immersion Tin，ImSn) 12
1-4-4 化銀(Immersion Silver，ImAg) 14
1-4-5 化鎳浸金(Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold，ENIG) 16
1-4-6 化鎳鈀金(Electroless Nickel Electroless Palladium Immersion Gold，ENEPIG) 18
1-5 電鍍與無電鍍製程 19
1-5-1 電鍍原理 20
1-5-2 無電鍍原理 21
1-5-3 電鍍與無電鍍比較 22
1-6 研究動機 25
第二章實驗方法 26
2-1 試片種類與製備 26
2-1-1 單層金屬鍍層 26
2-1-2 複合金屬鍍層 27
2-2 腐蝕條件 28
2-3 腐蝕面積比計算 29
2-4 試片分析 30
2-4-1 原子力顯微鏡(Atomic Force Microscope，AFM) 30
2-4-2 掃描式電子顯微鏡(Scanning Electron Microscope，SEM) 30
2-4-3 能量散射光譜儀(Energy Dispersive Spectrometer，EDS) 31
2-4-4 低掠角X射線繞射儀(Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction，GIXRD) 32
2-4-5 化學分析電子能譜儀(Electron Spectroscopy of Chemical Analysis，ESCA) 32
2-4-6 恆電位儀(Potentiostat) 32
第三章結果與討論 34
3-1 單層金屬鍍層腐蝕結果 34
3-1-1 低濃度二氧化硫氣體腐蝕反應 35
3-1-2 高濃度二氧化硫氣體腐蝕反應 39
3-1-3 腐蝕機制探討 44
3-2 複合金屬鍍層腐蝕結果 45
3-2-1 低濃度二氧化硫氣體腐蝕反應 46
3-2-2 高濃度二氧化硫氣體腐蝕反應 48
3-3 雙層金屬鍍層腐蝕結果 53
3-4 複合金屬層腐蝕機制 57
3-4-1 電鍍鎳與無電鍍鎳之結構 57
3-4-2 腐蝕物生成機制 59
3-4-3 塔弗曲線(Tafel curve) 63
第四章結論 66
參考文獻 68

參考文獻

[1] G.V.R. Inc., Automotive electronics market to reach $279.96 billion by 2020, 2017. Available: https://sites.google.com/site/technologyresearchreport/automotive-electronics-market
[2] H.J. Heider, M. Schallehn, C. Schlegel et al., An autonomous car roadmap for suppliers, 2017. Available: https://www.bain.com/insights/an-autonomous-car-roadmap-for-suppliers/
[3] D.S. Farquhar, A.M. Seman, and M.D. Poliks, "Manufacturing experience with high performance mixed dielectric circuit boards", IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag., Vol, 22, pp. 153-159, 1999.
[4] X. Zhang, Galvanic corrosion, vol, 51, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.
[5] Galvanic Corrosion, 2019. Available: https://structx.com/Material_Properties_001.html
[6] K. Xiao, X. Gao, L. Yan et al., "Atmospheric corrosion factors of printed circuit boards in a dry-heat desert environment: Salty dust and diurnal temperature difference", Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol, 336, pp. 92-101, 2018.
[7] M. Stratmann and H. Streckel, "On the atmospheric corrosion of metals which are covered with thin electrolyte layers 1. verification of the experimental-technique", Corrosion Science, Vol, 30, pp. 681-696, 1990.
[8] M. Jönsson, D. Persson, and C. Leygraf, "Atmospheric corrosion of field-exposed magnesium alloy AZ91D", Corrosion Science, Vol, 50, pp. 1406-1413, 2008.
[9] T. Kamimura, K. Kashima, K. Sugae et al., "The role of chloride ion on the atmospheric corrosion of steel and corrosion resistance of Sn-bearing steel", Corrosion Science, Vol, 62, pp. 34-41, 2012.
[10] I. Odnevall and C. Leygrarf, "The atmospheric corrosion of nickel in a rural atmosphere", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol, 144, pp. 3518-3525, 1997.
[11] S. Jouen, M. Jean, and B. Hannoyer, "Atmospheric corrosion of nickel in various outdoor environments", Corrosion science, Vol, 46, pp. 499-514, 2004.
[12] E. Salahinejad, R. Eslami-Farsani, and L. Tayebi, "Corrosion failure analysis of printed circuit boards exposed to H2S-containing humid environments", Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol, 79, pp. 538-546, 2017.
[13] E. Salahinejad, R.E. Farsani, and L. Tayebi, "Synergistic galvanic-pitting corrosion of copper electrical pads treated with electroless nickel-phosphorus/immersion gold surface finish", Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol, 77, pp. 138-145, 2017.
[14] F. Farelas, Y. Choi, and S. Nešić, "Corrosion behavior of API 5L X65 carbon steel under supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide phases in the presence of water and sulfur dioxide", Corrosion, Vol, 69, pp. 243-250, 2012.
[15] N. Kladkaew, R. Idem, P. Tontiwachwuthikul et al., "Corrosion behavior of carbon steel in the monoethanolamine− H2O− CO2− O2− SO2 system: Products, reaction pathways, and kinetics", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol, 48, pp. 10169-10179, 2009.
[16] P.T. Vianco, "An overview of surface finishes and their role in printed circuit board solderability and solder joint performance", Circuit World, Vol, 25, pp. 6-24, 1999.
[17] K. Sweatman, "Hot air solder leveling in the lead-free era", Global SMT & Packaging, pp. 10-18, 2009.
[18] W.-S. Chao, W.-H. Wang, T.-C. Luo et al., "The comparison on the corrosion resistance of different kinds of PCB surface finishing: OSP, LF HASL and ENIG," 2012 7th International Microsystems, Packaging, Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference (IMPACT) pp. 159-162, 2012.
[19] D. Chang, F. Bai, Y. Wang et al., "The study of OSP as reliable surface finish of BGA substrate," Proceedings of 6th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC 2004)(IEEE Cat. No. 04EX971) pp. 149-153, 2004.
[20] M. Ramirez, L. Henneken, and S. Virtanen, "Oxidation kinetics of thin copper films and wetting behaviour of copper and Organic Solderability Preservatives (OSP) with lead-free solder", Applied Surface Science, Vol, 257, pp. 6481-6488, 2011.
[21] K. Hannigan, M. Reid, M. Collins et al., "Corrosion of RoHS-Compliant surface finishes in corrosive mixed flowing gas environments", Journal of electronic materials, Vol, 41, pp. 611-623, 2012.
[22] 台灣電路板產業學院, 電路板濕製程全書: 台灣電路板協會, 2005.
[23] 林定皓, 高密度印刷電路板技術: 台灣電路板協會, 2004.
[24] K.N. Tu, Solder Joint Technology: Springer-Verlag New York, 2007.
[25] K.N. Tu, C. Chen, and A.T. Wu, Stress analysis of spontaneous Sn whisker growth, Lead-Free Electronic Solders, Springer2006, pp. 269-281.
[26] K.-N. Tu, J.-o. Suh, A.T.-C. Wu et al., "Mechanism and prevention of spontaneous tin whisker growth", Materials transactions, Vol, 46, pp. 2300-2308, 2005.
[27] H. Chen, H.Y. Lee, C.S. Ku et al., "Evolution of residual stress and qualitative analysis of Sn whiskers with various microstructures", Journal of materials science, Vol, 51, pp. 3600-3606, 2016.
[28] C.H. Su, H. Chen, H.-Y. Lee et al., "Kinetic analysis of spontaneous whisker growth on pre-treated surfaces with weak oxide", Journal of electronic materials, Vol, 43, pp. 3290-3295, 2014.
[29] C.H. Su, H. Chen, H.-Y. Lee et al., "Controlled positions and kinetic analysis of spontaneous tin whisker growth", Applied Physics Letters, Vol, 99, p. 131906, 2011.
[30] A.T. Wu and Y.C. Ding, "The suppression of tin whisker growth by the coating of tin oxide nano particles and surface treatment", Microelectronics Reliability, Vol, 49, pp. 318-322, 2009.
[31] G.J. Chou and R.D. Hilty, "Effects of lead-free surface finishes on press-fit connections," Proceedings of the IPC Annual Meeting pp. S07-2, 2003.
[32] N. Corman, M. Myers, and C. Copper, "Friction behavior of press-fit applications: test apparatus and methodology [connector pins]," Proceedings of the Forty-Ninth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, 2003. pp. 38-44, 2003.
[33] W.H. Abbott, "The development and performance characteristics of mixed flowing gas test environment", IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, Vol, 11, pp. 22-35, 1988.
[34] R. Schueller, "Creep corrosion on lead-free printed circuit boards in high sulfur environments", SMTA News and Journal of Surface Mount Technology, Vol, 21, p. 21, 2008.
[35] D. Cullen, B. Kline, G. Moderhock et al., "Effects of surface finish on high-frequency signal loss using various substrate materials", CIRCUITREE-CAMPBELL-, Vol, 14, pp. 80-80, 2001.
[36] X. Wu, D. Cullen, G. Brist et al., "Surface finish effects on high-speed signal degradation", IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag., Vol, 31, pp. 182-189, 2008.
[37] S.C. Thierauf, High-speed circuit board signal integrity: Artech House, 2017.
[38] W. Wang, A. Choubey, M.H. Azarian et al., "An assessment of immersion silver surface finish for lead-free electronics", Journal of electronic materials, Vol, 38, pp. 815-827, 2009.
[39] Y. Zhou and M. Pecht, "Investigation on mechanism of creep corrosion of immersion silver finished printed circuit board by clay tests," 2009 Proceedings of the 55th IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts pp. 324-333, 2009.
[40] S. Zhang, M. Osterman, A. Shrivastava et al., "The influence of H2S exposure on immersion-silver-finished PCBs under mixed-flow gas testing", IEEE transactions on device and materials reliability, Vol, 10, pp. 71-81, 2009.
[41] G. Milad and R. Mayes, "Electroless nickel/immersion gold finishes for application to surface mount technology: A regenerative approach", Metal Finishing, Vol, 96, pp. 42-46, 1998.
[42] M. Goosey, "Factors influencing the formation of “black pad” in electroless nickel-immersion gold solderable finishes—a processing perspective", Circuit World, Vol, 28, pp. 36-39, 2002.
[43] K. Zeng, R. Stierman, D. Abbott et al., "Root cause of black pad failure of solder joints with electroless nickel/immersion gold plating," Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronics Systems, 2006. ITHERM′06. The Tenth Intersociety Conference on pp. 1111-1119, 2006.
[44] K.H. Kim, J. Yu, and J.H. Kim, "A corrosion couple experiment reproducing the black pad phenomenon found after the electroless nickel immersion gold process", Scripta Materialia, Vol, 63, pp. 508-511, 2010.
[45] H. Fu, D. Lee, J. Lee et al., "Creep corrosion failure analysis on ENIG printed circuit boards," 2015 10th International Microsystems, Packaging, Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference (IMPACT) pp. 124-129, 2015.
[46] S. Krumbein, "Corrosion through porous gold plate", IEEE Transactions on Parts, Materials and Packaging, Vol, 5, pp. 89-98, 1969.
[47] C. Maul, J.W. McBride, and J. Swingler, "Intermittency phenomena in electrical connectors", IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, Vol, 24, pp. 370-377, 2001.
[48] R. Martens and M.G. Pecht, "An investigation of the electrical contact resistance of corroded pore sites on gold plated surfaces", IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag., Vol, 23, pp. 561-567, 2000.
[49] R.S. Mroczkowski, "Concerning reliability modeling of connectors," Electrical Contacts-1998. Proceedings of the Forty-Fourth IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (Cat. No. 98CB36238) pp. 57-68, 1998.
[50] M. Reid, J. Punch, G. Grace et al., "Corrosion resistance of copper-coated contacts", Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol, 153, pp. B513-B517, 2006.
[51] C.C. Li, W.L. Shih, C.K. Chung et al., "Amorphous Pd layer as a highly effective oxidation barrier for surface finish of electronic terminals", Corrosion Science, Vol, 83, pp. 419-422, 2014.
[52] C.E. Ho, W.Z. Hsieh, P.T. Lee et al., "High-temperature stability of Au/Pd/Cu and Au/Pd (P)/Cu surface finishes", Applied Surface Science, Vol, 434, pp. 1353-1360, 2018.
[53] J. Balaraju, T.S. Narayanan, and S. Seshadri, "Electroless Ni–P composite coatings", Journal of applied electrochemistry, Vol, 33, pp. 807-816, 2003.
[54] N.N. Le, T.C.H. Phan, A.D. Le et al., "Optimization of copper electroplating process applied for microfabrication on flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate", Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol, 6, p. 035007, 2015.
[55] C. Choe, C. Chen, S. Noh et al., "Thermal shock performance of DBA/AMB substrates plated by Ni and Ni–P layers for high-temperature applications of power device modules", Materials, Vol, 11, p. 2394, 2018.
[56] Q. Zhou, J. He, D. Sun et al., "Deformation and fracture of nickel phosphorus coatings", Scripta materialia, Vol, 54, pp. 603-608, 2006.
[57] W. Dai, C. Oropeza, K. Lian et al., "Experiment design and UV-LIGA microfabrication technology to study the fracture toughness of Ni microstructures", Microsystem technologies, Vol, 12, pp. 306-314, 2006.
[58] A. Roman, D. Chicot, and J. Lesage, "Indentation tests to determine the fracture toughness of nickel phosphorus coatings", Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol, 155, pp. 161-168, 2002.
[59] J. Tang and Y. Zuo, "Study on corrosion resistance of palladium films on 316L stainless steel by electroplating and electroless plating", Corrosion Science, Vol, 50, pp. 2873-2878, 2008.
[60] R. Elansezhian, B. Ramamoorthy, and P. Kesavan Nair, "Effect of surfactants on the mechanical properties of electroless (Ni–P) coating", Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol, 203, pp. 709-712, 2008.
[61] F. Sansoz, K.D. Stevenson, R. Govinthasamy et al., "Making the surface of nanocrystalline Ni on an Si substrate ultrasmooth by direct electrodeposition", Scripta Materialia, Vol, 59, pp. 103-106, 2008.
[62] A.M. Abdul-Lettif, "Investigation of interdiffusion in copper–nickel bilayer thin films", Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol, 388, pp. 107-111, 2007.
[63] A. Aleshin, V. Egorov, B. Bokstein et al., "Study of diffusion in thin Au Cu films", Thin solid films, Vol, 223, pp. 51-55, 1993.
[64] J.A. Dean, Lange′s handbook of chemistry: New york; London: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1999.
[65] G.G. Harman, Wire bonding in microelectronics: materials, processes, reliability and yield: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
[66] V.K. Murugan, Z. Jia, G.J. Syaranamual et al., "Atmospheric corrosion resistance of electroplated Ni/Ni–P/Au electronic contacts", Microelectronics Reliability, Vol, 60, pp. 84-92, 2016.
[67] K. Sasaki and G.T. Burstein, "The generation of surface roughness during slurry erosion-corrosion and its effect on the pitting potential", Corrosion Science, Vol, 38, pp. 2111-2120, 1996.
[68] T. Suter, Y. Müller, P. Schmutz et al., "Microelectrochemical studies of pit initiation on high purity and ultra high purity aluminum", Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol, 7, pp. 339-348, 2005.
[69] S. Sharland, "A review of the theoretical modelling of crevice and pitting corrosion", Corrosion science, Vol, 27, pp. 289-323, 1987.
[70] S.M. Lee, W.G. Lee, Y.H. Kim et al., "Surface roughness and the corrosion resistance of 21Cr ferritic stainless steel", Corrosion Science, Vol, 63, pp. 404-409, 2012.
[71] M.G. Fontana, Corrosion engineering: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2005.

指導教授

吳子嘉(Albert T. Wu)

審核日期

2019-8-26

推文