以不同流場電解液搭配發泡銅網作為鋅空氣電池負極集電網之電化學性質

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姓名

陳冠聿(Kuan-Yu Chen) 查詢紙本館藏

畢業系所

化學工程與材料工程學系

論文名稱

以不同流場電解液搭配發泡銅網作為鋅空氣電池負極集電網之電化學性質
(Using copper foam as anode current collector with different flow field for Zn-based batteries)

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摘要(中)

以發泡銅網作為鋅空氣電池之負極集電網搭配流場電解液可有效避免鋅枝狀晶於充電反應中產生，並可提高電極之電化學效能。在此研究中，電化學表現的測定均是在以6 M KOH 加入 0.3 M ZnO組成之電解液中施加特定大小之電解液流場速度(RPM)下進行。在鋅沉積形貌的測定部分，使用不同大小之充電電流密度對電極進行充電30分鐘，由SEM觀測結果可知，施加了電解液流場的實驗組相對於未施加流場的實驗組能有效在較高的充電電流密度下避免鋅枝狀晶的產生。另外在循環伏安法測試可看出，施加了電解液流場的實驗組具有較高的氧化電流與庫倫效率，代表電解液流場的施加能有效地提升電極的放電效能。在定電流充放電測試中，以100 mA/cm2之電流密度進行充放電，施加了電解液流場的實驗組有較好的放電效率與循環穩定性，由於發泡銅網具有高比表面積與較高的孔隙度，施加流場的電解液可有效地進入發泡銅網內部，並利用發泡銅網內部面積進行電化學反應，有效電化學反應的增加使每單位面積所分配到的實際電流密度下降，經由以上實驗結果可以說明，發泡銅網在儲能裝置上的應用具有相當大的潛力。

摘要(英)

Using copper foam as the current collector in a flowing electrolyte for Zn-air secondary batteries could inhibit dendrite formation and enhance electrochemical performance. In this work, electrochemical analysis was conducted in an alkaline electrolyte composed of 6 M KOH with 0.3 M ZnO under a constant flow field. Zinc was electrodeposited on copper foam at different current density for 30 minutes; the SEM images showed that with the flowing electrolyte, copper foam can be used for Zn plating at a higher current density without dendrite formation. According to the results of cyclic voltammetry, the anodic peak and coulombic efficiency with high rotation speed (RPM) of magnetic stirrer was higher than that without stirring. It indicated that copper foam with flow field electrolyte had a better discharge performance. Constant current density, 100 mA/cm2, was applied for the charge/discharge cyclic test. Copper foam with flow field electrolyte exhibited a better discharge efficiency and superior cycle stability. Because of the high porosity and large specific surface area, the inner area of copper foam could be fully used with the flow field electrolyte. The real current density per unit area decreased and the space of copper foam for zinc deposition increased. Based on these results, it is evident that copper foam shows a high potential as the current collector for energy storage applications.

關鍵字(中)

★ 鋅空氣電池
★ 發泡銅網
★ 電解液流場

關鍵字(英)

★ Zn-air batteries
★ Cu foam
★ flow field electrolyte

論文目次

目錄
摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 IV
目錄 VI
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XV
第一章、緒論 1
1-1 前言 1
1-2 研究動機 4
第二章、文獻回顧 7
2-1 鋅空氣電池的工作原理 7
2-2 鋅空氣電池的發展 10
2-3 二次鋅空氣電池負極的困境 14
2-3-1 鋅枝狀晶的生長機制 15
2-3-2 電極形貌的改變 17
2-3-3 鈍化層及電池內電阻的產生 19
2-3-4 氫氣還原 20
2-4 鋅空氣電池的負極改良策略 22
2-4-1 發泡金屬網的使用 26
2-4-2 添加聚合物黏著劑 30
2-4-3 電極添加劑 31
2-4-4 電解液組成與添加劑 34
2-4-5 電極改質 37
2-4-6 實驗條件控制 39
2-5 鋅的電沉積樣貌 42
2-6 銅基材的優勢 46
第三章、實驗方法與步驟 48
3-1 實驗藥品與器材 48
3-1-1 實驗藥品 48
3-1-2 實驗儀器與器材 49
3-2 實驗步驟 50
3-2-1 發泡銅網前處理 50
3-2-2 電化學測試裝置 51
3-2-3 電解液液流系統 52
3-3 材料鑑定分析 52
3-3-1 X光繞射儀分析 (X-ray Diffraction, XRD) 52
3-3-2 場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡 (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, FE-SEM) 52
3-4 電化學分析 53
3-4-1 表面形貌分析 53
3-4-2 枝狀晶生長極限電流 53
3-4-3 循環伏安法 (Cyclic voltammetry, CV) 53
3-4-4 循環穩定性測試 54
3-4-5 抗腐蝕性測試 54
第四章、結果與討論 55
4-1 材料分析鑑定 55
4-1-1 X光繞射分析 55
4-1-2 鋅沉積樣貌 56
4-2 循環伏安法 60
4-2-1 循環伏安圖 60
4-2-2 庫侖效率 63
4-3 鋅枝狀晶生長之極限電流 65
4-4 循環充放電測試 73
4-4-1 放電曲線圖 73
4-4-2 循環效率 76
4-5 發泡銅網之抗腐蝕性測試 78
4-5-1 塔佛曲線圖 78
第五章、結論 80
附錄 82
參考文獻 87

圖目錄
圖1-1-1 全球電力逐年消耗量(至2016年底)。 3
圖1-1-2 全球鋅金屬蘊含量(統計至2018年底，單位:百萬噸) [1]。 3
圖1-2-1 常見之二次金屬空氣電池之理論能量密度比較圖 [2]。 6
圖1-2-2樹枝狀晶刺穿隔離膜之示意圖。 6
圖2-1-1 二次鋅空氣電池工作原理示意圖 [2]。 9
圖2-2-1 以鋅為負極之電池發展演變 [6]。 12
圖2-2-2 平面鋅空氣電池示意圖 [2]。 12
圖2-2-3 液流鋅空氣電池示意圖 [2]。 13
圖2-2-4可撓式鋅空氣電池示意圖 [2]。 13
圖2-3-1 鋅電極面臨的問題示意圖 (a) 鋅枝狀晶的生長 (b) 電極形貌的改變 (c) 極化層及電池內電阻的產生 (d) 氫氣還原 [2]。 14
圖2-3-2 電解液導電度、Zn/Zn2+交換電流密度及ZnO溶解度對氫氧化鉀濃度關係圖 [6] [21] [22]。 18
圖2-4-1 不同形貌之金屬鋅 [6]。 23
圖2-4-2 微米級球狀與針狀鋅金屬 [28]。 24
圖2-4-3 纖維狀鋅金屬 [29]。 24
圖2-4-4 負極材料之孔隙度對導電度之比較圖 [29]。 25
圖2-4-5 3D海綿狀鋅電極的照片(左圖)與SEM圖(中圖及右圖) [30]。 28
圖2-4-6 一般鋅粉電極與3D海綿狀鋅電極的充放電循環示意圖 [30]。 28
圖2-4-7 鎳片與發泡鎳網於不同電流下的庫倫效率(CE)、電壓效率(VE)與能源效率(EE)比較 [32]。 29
圖2-4-8 Zn-Al氧化物粉末的SEM及TEM形貌圖 [47]。 33
圖2-4-9 Zn-Al氧化物粉末的合成及浸入電解液的反應示意圖 [47]。 33
圖 2-4-10 於電解液中添加不同添加劑之陰極極化曲線(ZnOPa為磷酸；ZnOSa為琥珀酸；ZnOTa為酒石酸；ZnOCa為檸檬酸) [50]。 35
圖 2-4-11 於電解液中添加不同添加劑後鋅的SEM形貌圖(a)未添加(b)磷酸(c)琥珀酸(d)酒石酸(e)檸檬酸 [50]。 36
圖2-4-12 充放電100圈後鋅電極SEM形貌圖 (a) 表面有聚苯胺塗層之鋅電極 (b) 未改質之鋅電極 (c) 表面有聚苯胺塗層之鋅電極之橫截面圖(x100) (d) 表面有聚苯胺塗層之鋅電極之橫截面圖(x500) [52]。 38
圖2-4-13 充放電100圈之電容量變化 (cell-P：已改質；cell-B：未改質) [52]。 38
圖2-4-14 在40mA/cm2電流密度下鍍鋅，脈衝週期(a) 10 msec通電流，10 msec 停止 (b) 10 msec 通電流，8 msec 停止 (c) 10 msec通電流，4 msec 停止 [54]。 40
圖 2-4-15 在8 M 氫氧化鉀添加0.5 M氧化鋅之電解液下以不同溫度與電解液流動速度對鋅枝狀晶生長情形作圖 [55]。 41
圖2-5-1 鋅沉積的不同形貌 [6]。 44
圖2-5-2 (a)不同電流密度 (b)不同鋅酸鹽濃度 (c)不同電解液黏度與鋅沉積樣貌對比圖(●苔狀 ▲苔狀及緊密結構 ▓緊密結構) [57]。 44
圖2-5-3 不同條件下鋅沉積樣貌對比圖 [13]。 45
圖 2-6-1 發泡鎳網與發泡銅網的線性掃描伏安法測試比較圖 [57]。 47
圖 2-6-2 電池未使用下發泡鎳網鋅電極與發泡銅網鋅電極蓄電量與存放時間關係圖 [57]。 47
圖3-2-1 三極式電化學裝置圖。 51
圖4-1-1 清洗後的市售發泡銅網之XRD圖譜。 55
圖4-1-2 發泡銅網與固定電流密度為120 mA/cm2下鍍鋅30分鐘，不同轉速下之鋅沉積形貌 (a) 發泡銅網 (b) 無轉速 (c) 300 rpm (d) 450 rpm (e) 600 rpm (f) 750 rpm (g) 900 rpm。 58
圖4-1-3 固定轉速450 rpm下以不同電流密度鍍鋅30分鐘之鋅沉積樣貌 (a) 100 mA/cm2 (b) 150 mA/cm2 (c) 200 mA/cm2。 59
圖4-2-1 發泡銅網於組成為6 M KOH與0.3 M ZnO之電解液中，搭配不同電解液流場之循環伏安法結果 (a) 0 rpm (b) 300 rpm (c) 450 rpm (d) 600 rpm (e) 750 rpm (f) 900 rpm。 62
圖4-2-2 發泡銅網於不同轉速之電解液流場下，循環伏安法掃描之各圈庫倫效率值。 64
圖4-3-1 發泡銅網於不同電流密度與轉速下，充電電荷對電流密度分布圖。 66
圖4-3-2 發泡銅網在靜止電解液下鍍鋅30分鐘，電流密度40 mA/cm2 (a) 100x (b) 400x，電流密度60 mA/cm2 (c) 100x (d) 400x。 67
圖4-3-3 發泡銅網在300 rpm下鍍鋅30分鐘，電流密度140 mA/cm2 (a) 100x (b) 400x，電流密度200 mA/cm2 (c) 100x (d) 400x。 68
圖4-3-4 發泡銅網在450 rpm下鍍鋅30分鐘，電流密度140 mA/cm2 (a) 100x (b) 400x，電流密度220 mA/cm2 (c) 50x (d) 400x。 69
圖4-3-5 發泡銅網在600 rpm下鍍鋅30分鐘，電流密度160 mA/cm2 (a) 100x (b) 400x，電流密度220 mA/cm2 (c) 100x (d) 400x。 70
圖4-3-6 發泡銅網在750 rpm下鍍鋅30分鐘，電流密度160 mA/cm2 (a) 100x (b) 400x，電流密度220 mA/cm2 (c) 100x (d) 400x。 71
圖4-3-7 發泡銅網在900 rpm下鍍鋅30分鐘，電流密度180 mA/cm2 (a) 100x (b) 400x，電流密度240 mA/cm2 (c) 100x (d) 400x。 72
圖4-4-1 發泡銅網於電解液 (a) 無流場 (b) 300 rpm (c) 450 rpm (d) 600 rpm (e) 750 rpm (f) 900 rpm下，以100 mA/cm2之電流密度進行充電10分鐘後，放電至-1V之電壓對電容圖。 75
圖4-4-2 發泡銅網於不同轉速下以100 mA/cm2之電流密度進行充電10分鐘後，放電至-1V之充放電效率圖。 77
圖4-5-1 發泡銅網與已鍍鋅之發泡銅網之塔佛曲線圖。 79
圖A-1 發泡銅網於6 M KOH中之循環伏安法結果。 83
圖A-2 已鍍鋅之發泡銅網於6 M KOH 與450 rpm流場下之塔佛曲線圖。 83
圖A-3發泡銅網於不同電位區間之循環伏安法結果 (a) 0 rpm (b) 450 rpm。 84
圖A-4 濃度邊界層模型示意圖 [58]。 84
圖A-5 發泡銅網於300 rpm流場下，以160 mA/cm2之電流密度進行充電10分鐘後，放電至-1V之電壓對電容圖。 86

表目錄
表3-1-1 化學藥品清單 48
表3-1-2 儀器與器材清單 49
表4-3-1 發泡銅網於不同電流密度與轉速下，充電電荷對電流密度分布 67
表4-5-1 發泡銅網與已鍍鋅之發泡銅網之開路電位、腐蝕電位與腐蝕電流值 73

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指導教授

李岱洲(Tai-Chou Lee)

審核日期

2019-8-22

推文