2019年鹿林山背景生質燃燒氣膠傳輸特性及其對大氣光學影響

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林寬昱(Kuan-Yu Lin) 查詢紙本館藏

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論文名稱

2019年鹿林山背景生質燃燒氣膠傳輸特性及其對大氣光學影響

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摘要(中)

中南半島生質燃燒(Biomass Burning, BB)氣膠傳輸分布廣泛，對大氣環境有重大影響。本文在鹿林山背景監測站 (海拔2,862 m)分別於 2018年 10、11月(秋季)及2019年3、4月(春季)觀測BB及其他氣流來向大氣氣膠化學特性，並評估氣膠化學成分對大氣光學的影響。在正式採樣前，本文以 Z-test檢定確認非常陡峭切割旋風集塵器(Very Sharp Cut Cyclone, VSCC)與衝擊板(Impactor)採集PM2.5濃度並無顯著差異(n=36; p=0.42)，但VSCC對於採集濃度的回應比 Impactor好，因此，本文使用VSCC採集的PM2.5。
2018 年秋季PM2.5 (氣動直徑小於或等於2.5 μm粒狀物)和 PM10 (氣動直徑小於或等於10 μm粒狀物)質量濃度分別為2.8 ± 1.6和4.1 ± 2.2 μg m-3，PM2.5占PM10質量濃度的0.68。秋季期間氣流傳輸來向可分為自由大氣(Free Troposphere, FT)及人為污染(Anthropogenic, AN)。FT 類型PM2.5污染來源較紛雜；AN 類型PM2.5來源推論為固定源與BB，PM2.5-10來源則主要為移動源。
2019 年春季PM1 (氣動直徑小於或等於1.0 μm粒狀物)、PM2.5、PM10質量濃度分別為12.3 ± 9.1、15.2 ± 9.9、18.9 ± 11.3 μg m-3，顯示PM1主導鹿林山氣膠質量濃度。BB傳輸期間，PM1、PM2.5、及PM10質量濃度分別高達22.0 ± 7.2、25.4 ± 7.7、30.0 ± 9.0 μg m-3，PM1/PM10為 0.73，顯然BB為春季氣膠主要污染源且由更細粒徑氣膠主導，PM1有機碳 (OC)、元素碳 (EC)、水溶性無機離子的主要成分分別為OC3、EC1-OP、SO42-，SO42-來源推論為中南半島與中國南方工業源。
為了探討氣膠的氣候效應，本文以 Revised IMPROVE模式估算PM2.5 化學成分消光係數，發現與自動儀器量測的氣膠消光係數有良好相關性 (R2 > 0.86)，春季氣流(FT, AN, BB類型)和秋季氣流(FT和AN類型)都以有機物和硝酸銨為消光係數主導化學成分。此外，春季和秋季各類氣流氣膠的單一反照率都大於 0.85，顯示氣膠具有強散光特性，對於氣候暖化有減緩作用。

摘要(英)

Biomass burning (BB) aerosol transported from Indochina spreads broadly
and thus influences the atmospheric environment significantly. This study
observed chemical properties of the atmospheric aerosol transported from BB
and other orientations in October and November (autumn) in 2018 and March
and April (spring) in 2019, respectively, at Mt. Lulin (2,862 m a.s.l.), and
assessed the atmospheric optical effects from the aerosol. Before aerosol
collection, this study applied a Z-test (n=36; p=0.42) to find no significant
differences for the collected PM2.5 mass concentrations betwee Very Sharp Cut
Cyclone (VSCC) and Impactor, but the concentration from VSCC responded
to PM2.5 concentration variations better than Impactor. Consequently, this study
adopted the VSCC for aerosol collection in the following PM2.5 collection.
The mass concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic
diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm) and PM10 (particulate matter with an
aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm) were 2.8 ± 1.6 and 4.1 ± 2.2
μg m-3, respectively, in autumn of 2018; with PM2.5/PM10 at 0.68. The
orientations of the transported air masses could split into Free Troposphere (FT)
and Anthropogenic (AN) types. The sources of PM2.5 from the FT type were
various. In contrast, the inferences on source contributions of PM2.5 from the AN
type were from stationary sources and BB, and PM2.5-10 was from mobile sources.
The mass concentrations of PM1 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic
diameter less than or equal to 1 μm), PM2.5, and PM10 were 12.3 ± 9.1, 15.2 ±
9.9, and 18.9 ± 11.3 μg m-3, respectively, in spring of 2019. It indicated that PM1
dominated aerosol mass concentration at Mt. Lulin. During the BB transported
period, the mass concentrations of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 were as high as 22.0 ±
7.2, 25.4 ± 7.7, and 30.0 ± 9.0 μg m-3, respectively. The ratio of PM1/PM10 was
0.73, which demonstrated that BB was the main aerosol source and finer sizes
dominating the spring BB aerosol. The main components of PM1 organic carbon
(OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble inorganic ions were OC3, EC1-
OP, and SO4
2-, respectively. The sources inferred for SO4
2- was from Indochina
and industrial sector in southern China.
For the inference of climatic effect, this study estimated the atmospheric
extinction coefficient from PM2.5 chemical components using the Revised
IMPROVE model and compared well with that from the automated instruments
(R2
> 0.86). The dominant chemical components were organic matter and
ammonium nitrate for the atmospheric extinction coefficients in the air masses
of spring (FT, AN, and BB types) and autumn (FT and AN types). In addition,
the values of the single scattering albedo were larger than 0.85 for spring and
autumn. It showed that the atmospheric aerosol was with strong light-scattering
characteristics to mitigate climate warming.

關鍵字(中)

★ 鹿林山測站
★ 生質燃燒
★ 長程傳輸氣膠化學及光學特性

關鍵字(英)

★ Mt. Lulin station
★ Biomass burning
★ Transported aerosol chemical and optical properties

論文目次

摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 XI
第一章前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章研究背景 3
2.1 生質燃燒說明 3
2.1.1 中南半島生質燃燒 3
2.2.2 生質燃燒特性及化學成分說明 4
2.2 氣膠碳成分說明 5
2.2.1 碳成分說明 6
2.2.3 碳成分特徵比應用 7
2.3氣膠離子成分說明 9
2.3.1 水溶性無機離子應用及特徵比說明 13
2.4 鹿林山背景測站歷年觀測說明 14
2.4.1 鹿林山長程傳輸污染類型 14
2.4.2 歷年不同來源質量濃度探討 15
2.4.3 鹿林山歷年化學成分探討 15
2.4.4 鹿林山氣膠光學特性說明 17
2.4.5 高山氣膠化學成分說明 18
2.6 高山氣膠光學說明 20
2.7 氣膠成分對於光學特性影響 21
2.7.1 質量散射效率 (Mass Scatter Efficiency, MSE) 21
2.7.2 質量吸光效率 (Mass Absorption Efficiency, MAE) 21
2.7.3 散光氣膠吸濕成長特性 22
2.8 氨根離子結合型態說明 23
2.9氣膠光學厚度說明 (Aerosol Optical Depth, AOD) 23
第三章研究方法 25
3.1 研究流程與步驟 25
3.2 鹿林山空氣品質背景監測站 (Lulin Atmospheric Background Station, LABS) 27
3.2.1 台灣鹿林山谷風判斷方法 29
3.3 採樣觀測儀器 30
3.3.1 R&P Model 3500 自組式蜂巢式套管化學採樣器 30
3.4 採樣濾紙選擇與前處理程序 32
3.4.1 儀器與濾紙配置 32
3.4.2 濾紙前處理 35
3.4.3 樣本運送與保存 35
3.5 樣本分析方法 36
3.5.1 樣本質量濃度秤重 36
3.5.2 氣膠碳成分分析 37
3.5.3 氣膠水溶性離子分析 41
3.5.4 氣膠微粒揮發成分補賞方法 44
3.6 氣膠水溶性離子非海洋來源 47
3.7 NOAA 氣膠觀測系統 48
3.7.1 積分式散光儀 (Integrating Nephelometer) 48
3.7.2 微粒碳吸收光度計 (PSAP) 52
3.7.3 黑碳儀 56
3.8 環保署鹿林山測站其他自動觀測儀器 57
3.9 判別生質燃燒發生的方法 59
3.9.1 美國太空總署 (NASA) 自然災害網 59
3.9.2 美國太空總署全球火災監測中心 60
3.9.3 氣流軌跡模式 (NOAA HYSPLIT) 60
3.10 一次與二次有機碳的估計 61
3.11 Revised IMPROVE 公式計算消光係數 62
第四章結果與討論 65
4.1 非常陡峭切割旋風集塵器與衝擊板採集氣膠化學成分差異 65
4.1.1 VSCC 與 Impactor 採集微粒質量濃度差異性 65
4.4.2 VSCC 與 Impactor 採集化學成分差異性 68
4.2 2018 年鹿林山秋季氣膠化學成分特性 70
4.2.1秋季氣流軌跡分類 70
4.2.2秋季氣膠特性 72
4.2.3 秋季氣流軌跡分類化學成分特性探討 76
4.2.4 秋季 FT和AN 氣流軌跡類型氣膠化學成分比較 80
4.3 2019 年鹿林山春季採樣 84
4.3.1 春季採樣氣膠特性 84
4.3.2 春季氣流軌跡分類 89
4.3.3 2019 春季三種氣流軌跡類型氣膠粒徑區間差異 92
4.3.4 BB氣流軌跡類型化學成分討論 93
4.3.5 2019 春季鹿林山 FT 與 AN氣流軌跡類型成分說明 102
4.3.6 鹿林山2019年春季BB 與 FT、AN 類型分別於 PM1、PM2.5、 112
PM2.5-10 粒徑比較 112
4.3.7 秋季與春季氣膠化學成分比較 116
4.4氣膠化學成分與大氣消光 119
4.4.1 PSAP 與 IMPROVE 模式推估吸光係數比較 119
4.4.2 IMPROVE公式計算大氣消光係數與觀測值比對 121
4.4.3 IMPROVE 公式推估大氣消光係數與氣膠化學成分 123
4.4.4 IMPROVE 公式推估大氣消光係數與氣膠質量濃度 125
4.4.5氣膠吸光與散光係數與化學成分 127
4.4.6 氣膠光學特性指標—有效碳特徵比 (Effective Carbon Ratio, ECR)和單一散射反照率 (Single Scattering Albedo, SSA) 130
4.4.7 鹿林山氣膠化學成分與 AOD相關性 132
4.4.8 黑碳與元素碳關係 135
第五章結論與建議 139
5.1 結論 139
5.2 建議 142
參考文獻 143
附錄一鹿林山採樣類型氣流軌跡圖 164
附錄二鹿林山春季觀測火點圖 192
附錄三 WSIIs MDL 計算說明 194
附錄四口試委員意見回覆 195

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指導教授

李崇德(Chung-Te Lee)

審核日期

2020-8-17

推文