西元1999年Mw7.6台灣集集地震之斷層破裂模擬及參數分析

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廖若嵐(Jolan Liao) 查詢紙本館藏

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地球科學學系

論文名稱

西元1999年Mw7.6台灣集集地震之斷層破裂模擬及參數分析
(Dynamic Modeling of the 1999 Mw7.6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake)

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摘要(中)

西元1999年Mw7.6集集地震(UTC時間1999-09-20 17:47)在台灣造成許多房屋或建築毀損等嚴重災害，也讓1993年完成建置的強地動觀測網記錄到充足的近場強地動波形等資料，提供地震學者一個難得的機會來檢視地震源的破裂行為。近二十年來前人對集集地震運動學有深入的研究，但至今對於地震動力學上的問題仍缺乏充分的探討。本研究從動力學的觀點切入探討集集地震產生背後的物理機制，基於前人對集集地震的運動學分析及2004年台灣車籠埔斷層鑽井計畫取得斷層帶岩芯與現地應力資料作為地震動力學參數的參考限制，以有限元素法建立斷層動力學數值模型，設計一系列均質性及異質性動力學參數(空間非均勻分布模型dc^a、S及σn)之對比實驗，經不同的實驗假設以測試特定動力學參數影響斷層破裂的效應，透過模擬逐步解析震源破裂的力學行為，討論可能造成斷層滑移量非均勻分佈的力學因素，並分析動力學參數的變化對於斷層帶在物理意義上的暗示。目前最佳動力學異質性模型可模擬出相似於集集地震運動學逆推結果，斷層破裂的最大滑移量集中在斷層北段，最大滑移量約為13公尺，總地震矩約為M0=4.9*10^20(Nm)，其採用異質性動力學參數的數值範圍，分別為參數dc=0.5~1.7(m)，修正dc^a=1.9~7.0(m)之參數α=0.25， S=0.3~7.5，斷層面北段與南段之σn值隨深度變化的範圍分別是10～92(MPa)及3.6～32.3(MPa)，斷層北段值大約是南段的3倍。研究分析集集地震之動力學參數的成果提供兩點建議，第一點，由評估參數之明顯數值差異，暗示目前使用之斷層動力學模擬尚未能考慮實際上大規模地震之斷層摩擦熱能或孔隙水壓變化所造成的動力學行為；第二點，以斷層北段與南段之初始值的差異控制整體斷層總滑移量的形態，顯示斷層的滑移量與初始值有密切關聯。對於此研究的未來展望，希望目前分析動力學參數的結果有助於解釋斷層帶的力學特性及其物理意義上的暗示，幫助後人了解地震源的行為，然後更延伸應用此技術在未來台灣地震危害潛勢分析之參考。

摘要(英)

The September 20, 1999 (UTC) Mw7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake can be viewed as one of the most devastating and significant events in Taiwan. Although with severe impact, this event provided a remarkable set of data, especially the high-quality near-field strong motion acceleration records from the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Progam (TSMIP). These data provide us a unique opportunity to have comprehensive understanding on the rupture behavior of earthquake. For two decades, since the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, the modeling of earthquake kinematics had been well developed. But nowadays, some questions related to earthquake dynamics still remains unknown. In this study, our goal is to investigate the dynamics of rupture and slip time histories of this event with great help on comprehensive understanding of this earthquake. We construct a 3D dynamic rupture model by finite element method. Based on the constraints of the kinematic study by Ji et al. (2003) and the geophysical logging data from the Taiwan Chelunpu-fault Drilling Project (TCDP), we try to estimate the dynamic parameters (e.g., apparent slip-weakening distance, dc^a) and to determine the state of stress (e.g., initial normal stress, σn) on the fault. In order to understand the characteristics of the dynamic parameters, we designed a series of numerical experiments on homogeneous and heterogeneous model which assume that the fault ruptures with spatially uniform or non-uniform frictional behavior. After various models with different set of dynamic parameters, we find that the parameters for our optimal heterogeneous model are dc=0.5~1.7(m), dc^a=1.9~7.0(m) scaled down by α=0.25, S=0.3~7.5,σn-north=10~92(MPa) and σn-south=3.6~32.3(MPa). The optimal model can simulate a rupture similar to the kinematic study and the maximum slip (~13 m) occurs in the northern part of fault. The total seismic moment M0 is ~4.9*10^20(Nm). The results suggest that could be overestimated due to influence of other dynamic process related to heat or pore pressure for large earthquakes, and the different value of in the northern and southern part of fault might be a key to control the slip pattern.

關鍵字(中)

★ 1999年集集地震
★ 地震動力學

關鍵字(英)

★ 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake
★ earthquake dynamics

論文目次

摘要 II
Abstract III
誌謝 IV
目錄 V
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 X
第一章緒論 1
1-1 研究動機與目的 1
1-2 文獻回顧 1
1-2-1研究區域之背景介紹 2
1-2-2集集地震之震源特性研究 2
1-2-3地震動力學參數的定義 10
1-2-4斷層動力學模擬相關研究 13
1-3 本文介紹 23
第二章研究方法 24
2-1 地震動力學參數之評估 24
2-1-1資料內容與處理 25
2-1-2評估地震動力學參數 25
2-1-3現地應力 34
2-2 斷層破裂動力學模擬 37
2-2-1 數值模擬方法 37
2-2-2 斷層模型基本設定 39
2-2-3 斷層運動狀態的力學假設 39
2-2-4 數值模擬實驗的設計 43
第三章研究結果 52
3-1 均質性模型之實驗結果 52
3-1-1 測試初始應力狀態 52
3-1-2 測試參數dc 53
3-1-3 斷層破裂相圖 (rupture phase diagram) 54
3-2 異質性模型之實驗結果 63
3-2-1 測試空間非均勻分布之dca模型 63
3-2-2 測試空間非均勻分布之S模型 63
3-2-3 測試空間非均勻分布之模型 64
3-2-4 綜合空間非均勻分布之dca/ S/ 模型 64
3-2-5 最佳異質性模型之速度場與位移場合成波形 80
第四章討論 85
4-1 地震動力學與運動學模擬結果之比較 85
4-2 修正評估地震動力學參數之可能原因 88
4-2-1 假設斷層破裂過程之動態應力下衝的情境 88
4-2-2 假設斷層破裂過程之動態應力過衝的情境 90
第五章結論與建議 97
參考文獻 98
附錄 102
附錄A 假設斷層南北段值相同以討論dca模型之修正 102
附錄B 假設斷層南北段值不同以討論dca模型之修正 102

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指導教授

馬國鳳(Kuo-Fong Ma)

審核日期

2019-7-18

推文