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姓名	郭銘柔(Mingrou GUO)  查詢紙本館藏	畢業系所	認知與神經科學研究所
論文名稱	以行為及事件相關腦電位探討情節模擬對前瞻記憶表現的影響 (The Modulation of Episodic Simulation on Prospective Memory Performance: Behavioral and ERP Studies)
相關論文	★ 意旁結合度、意旁表意透明度對中文閱讀的影響 ★ 以行為及事件相關電位探討中文雙字詞的記憶聯結錯誤 ★ 項目指示遺忘效果的行為與事件相關電位研究 ★ 項目指示遺忘作業中記憶登錄及提取歷程的行為及事件相關腦電位研究 ★ 以語意促發作業探討項目指示遺忘中線索對於記憶登錄歷程影響之行為及事件相關腦電位研究 ★ 特定與非特定來源記憶提取的行為及事件相關腦電位 ★ 以行為及事件相關腦電位探討處理層次與聯結性登錄方式對記憶連結錯誤之影響 ★ 中文字詞辨識的語音運作單位 ★ 由語意透明度所引發的再認記憶鏡像效應：行為與事件相關腦電位研究 ★ 登錄作業對於中文雙字詞語意透明度在再認記憶中所引發鏡像效應之影響：行為及事件相關腦電位實驗 ★ 以事件相關腦電位探討細節性與概要性記憶的提取導向 ★ 以行為及事件相關腦電位實驗探討前瞻記憶線索出現機率對於前瞻干擾效果的影響 ★ 以跨顱電刺激與事件相關腦電位探討左側後頂葉腦區於再認記憶中所扮演之角色 ★ 測驗表現回饋對測驗效應之調控的行為與事件相關腦電位研究 ★ 以非侵入式腦刺激探討左後側頂葉與情節記憶提取之因果關係 ★ 中文假字形聲限制高低對於試誤與無誤學習之影響的行為與事件相關腦電位研究
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摘要(中)	情節模擬（Episodic Simulation: ES）和前瞻性記憶（Prospective Memory: PM）都涉及與未來有關的思維過程：ES著眼於未來事件的想像，而PM需要在未來實行延遲的意圖。 Spreng和他的同事最近進行的功能磁共振成像研究[Neuropsychologia，113 (March)，22 – 28.]表明，如果事先模擬了延遲意圖的執行，則在未來記得實行該意圖的可能會增加。然而，由於ES使PM增強的潛在機制尚不清楚。具體來說，尚不清楚ES是否參與了詳盡的編碼和深度編碼過程，從而改善了PM的回溯過程，還是ES發揮了除處理級別之外的自身作用。為了解決這個問題，本文報告了兩個行為和一個ERP實驗。實驗1和2都包含兩個階段。在第一階段，參與者參與了深層（語義生成）和淺層（音調生成）編碼任務。在第二階段，參與者參與了PM任務，在此期間，PM線索詞是在第一階段中出現的編碼詞語。兩個實驗的不同之處在於，情景模擬這一認知過程參與了實驗1的深度編碼任務，但沒有參與實驗2的。實驗1的結果重複了Spreng等人的發現(2018): 與淺層編碼任務相比，使用ES進行深層編碼任務後的PM表現更好。但是，在深層編碼任務中未使用ES的情況下，實驗2中未觀察到深層編碼任務相對於淺層編碼任務在PM表現上的優勢。實驗3利用ERP相繼記憶效應，將ES的記憶編碼機制與回溯記憶上的深層和淺層編碼任務進行比較。結果表明，與淺層編碼任務相比，ES不能像深層編碼任務那樣改善回溯性記憶表現。因此，這三個實驗的結果表明，ES本身並沒有必要進行深層次的複雜編碼過程來改善PM的回溯性組成部分。ES 對PM的作用不是依賴於編碼深度的效果，而是在於ES這一模擬過程本身。
摘要(英)	Both episodic simulation (ES) and prospective memory (PM) involve future thinking with ES focusing on the imagination of future events and PM requiring the realization of delayed intentions in the future. A recent fMRI study by Spreng and his colleagues [Neuropsychologia, 113 (March), 22 – 28.] demonstrated that the performance of event-based PM was enhanced if the execution of the delayed intention was simulated beforehand. The mechanism underlying the PM enhancement due to ES however was not clear. Specifically, it was not clear whether ES engaged elaborative and deep encoding processes hence improved the retrospective component of the PM, or ES exerted its own effect other than level of processing. To address this issue, two behavioral and one ERP experiments are reported in this thesis. Both Experiments 1 and 2 comprised two phases. In the first phase, participants engaged in a deep (semantic generation) and a shallow (tone generation) encoding task. In the second phase, participants engaged in a PM task during which the PM cues were items that had been presented in the first phase. The critical manipulation was that episodic simulation was involved in the deep encoding task of Experiment 1 but not Experiment 2. The results of Experiment 1 replicated the findings of Spreng et al. (2018) in showing that the PM performance was better following the deep encoding task with ES in comparison to the shallow encoding task. The advantage of the deep encoding task compared to the shallow encoding task on the PM performance was however not observed in Experiment 2 when ES was not engaged during the deep encoding task. Experiment 3 employed the ERP subsequent effect to compare with memory encoding mechanisms of ES with those of deep and shallow encoding task on retrospective memory. The results showed that ES did not improve retrospective memory performance as deep encoding tasks when compared with shallow encoding tasks. The results of the three experiments therefore suggested that ES itself did not necessary engage a deep elaborate encoding process to improve the retrospective component of the prospective memory. The ES exerts its own effect on the PM performance other than the level-of-processing effect.
關鍵字(中)	★ 基於事件的前瞻性記憶 ★ 情節模擬 ★ 情節記憶 ★ 編碼深度 ★ 事件相關電位 ★ 相繼記憶效應	關鍵字(英)	★ event-based prospective memory ★ episodic simulation ★ episodic memory ★ level of processing ★ event-related potentials ★ subsequent memory effect
論文目次	中文摘要 i ABSTRACT ii INTRODUCTION 1 PROSPECTIVE MEMORY 1 EPISODIC SIMULATION 4 Behavioral Studies 5 Patient Studies 5 Neuroimaging Studies 6 EPISODIC SIMULATION AND PROSPECTIVE MEMORY 7 AIM OF THIS STUDY 11 EXPERIMENT 1 12 METHODS AND MATERIALS 13 Participants 13 Stimuli 13 Procedures 14 RESULTS 16 Ongoing trials 16 PM trials 17 DISCUSSION 20 EXPERIMENT 2 23 METHODS AND MATERIALS 23 Participants 23 Stimuli 23 Procedures 24 RESULTS 24 Ongoing trials 24 PM trials 26 DISCUSSION 28 EXPERIMENT 3 31 METHODS AND MATERIALS 33 Participants 33 Stimuli 33 Procedures 34 Tasks 34 Electrophysiological Recordings 36 ERP Data Processing 37 RESULTS 37 Behavioral Results 37 1 Old/New Recognition Analysis 38 1.1 Accuracy 38 1.1.1 Pr 38 1.1.2 Br 39 1.2 Reaction Time (RT) 40 1.2.1 Old Item 40 1.2.2 New Item 41 2 Remember/Know Judgement Analysis 42 2.1 Accuracy 42 2.1.1 False Alarm Rate with Remember Response 42 2.1.2 Remember Rate 42 2.1.3 Corrected Know Rate 43 2.2 Reaction Time: Remember Reaction Time 44 ERP Results 44 DISCUSSION 56 GENERAL DISCUSSION 60 Applications 63 Limitations 64 REFERENCES 67 APPENDIX I 74 APPENDIX II 75 APPENDIX III 76 APPENDIX IV 79
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指導教授	鄭仕坤(Shih-kuen Cheng)	審核日期	2020-7-14
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