離岸風力機塔架之開機負載及失效評估分析

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周聖勳(Sheng-Hsun Chou) 查詢紙本館藏

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機械工程學系

論文名稱

離岸風力機塔架之開機負載及失效評估分析

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摘要(中)

本研究針對NREL 5MW OWT離岸風力機塔架進行開機負載及失效評估分析。選擇IEC 61400-3規範中DLC 3.2與3.3之開機工況，根據DNVGL-ST-0437規範設定風況與操作條件之耦合情況，並配合台灣西部沿岸之海洋參數進行模擬。先利用GH-Bladed軟體進行風力機塔架負載分析，然後將負載轉換輸入至ANSYS Workbench進行應力分析，最後在塔架環銲與縱銲處設置半橢圓裂縫，並採用BS 7910規範進行塔架失效評估分析。
研究結果顯示在開機與極端運轉陣風耦合期間，塔頂在風力機轉軸方向會產生極大的軸向力。在開機與極端風向變化耦合時，塔頂之軸向力會降低，但側向力會因風向改變而提高。在額定風速(11.4 m/s)時，塔架在沒有裂縫下承受開機與陣風耦合情況，安全係數為1.62，符合IEC 61400-3規範建議值。在塔架環銲裂縫深度為20 mm、裂縫長度為50 mm時，將有塔架發生崩潰之危險，應立即執行維修程序。塔架縱銲裂縫的最大應力強度因子皆非常小，並不會發生嚴重損害與倒塌。對於塔架環銲裂縫而言，裂縫深度每增加1 mm，應力強度因子之最大提升量為1.20 MPa√m，而裂縫長度每增加1 mm，其最大提升量為0.34 MPa√m，可知裂縫深度的增加較裂縫長度的增加更容易使塔架發生斷裂情況。

摘要(英)

In this study, start-up load and failure assessment of NREL 5MW OWT offshore wind turbine tower were analyzed. Start-up conditions of DLC 3.2 and 3.3 in IEC 61400-3 standard were selected. Coupling conditions of wind and operating conditions set in DNVGL-ST-0437 standard and the ocean parameters of Taiwan west coast were adopted for simulation. Firstly, the load analysis of wind turbine tower is carried out by using GH-Bladed software, and then the load conversion is input to ANSYS Workbench for stress analysis. Finally, semi-elliptical cracks were set at the circumferential and longitudinal welds of the tower, and the failure assessment analysis of the tower was carried out by BS 7910.
The results show that the top of the tower produces a great axial force in the direction of the rotating axis of the wind turbine during the start-up and the extreme operating gust coupling period. When start-up coupled with the extreme wind direction change, the axial force at the top of the tower will decrease, but the lateral force will increase due to the wind direction change. At the rated wind speed (11.4 m/s), the tower withstands the start-up and gust coupling condition without cracks, and the safety factor is 1.62, which is in line with the recommended value of IEC 61400-3 standard. When the circumferential welding crack depth of the tower is 20 mm and the crack length is 50 mm, the tower will be in danger of collapse, and maintenance procedures should be carried out immediately. The maximum stress intensity factor of the longitudinal welding cracks of the tower is very small and will not cause serious damage and collapse. For the circumferential welding cracks of the tower, the maximum increase of stress intensity factor is 1.20 MPa√m with the increase of crack depth 1 mm, and 0.34 MPa√m with the increase of crack length 1 mm. It can be concluded that the increase of crack depth is more likely to cause the tower to fracture than the increase of crack length.

關鍵字(中)

★ 離岸風力機
★ 開機負載
★ 半橢圓裂縫
★ 塔架失效評估
★ 安全係數

關鍵字(英)

★ Offshore Wind Turbine
★ Start Up Load
★ Semi-Elliptical Crack
★ Tower Failure Assessment
★ Safety Factor

論文目次

摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝 iv
目錄 v
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 xiii
符號說明 xv
第一章、緒論 1
1-1研究背景與動機 1
1-2研究目的 4
1-3離岸風力機簡介 5
1-3-1風力機原理 5
1-3-2離岸風力機機組構造 6
1-4文獻回顧 8
1-4-1離岸風力機之設計規定 8
1-4-2國內外風力機事故分析 8
1-4-3塔架負載及應力分析 10
1-4-4塔架銲道應力及應力強度因子分析 11
1-4-5金屬結構裂縫之失效評估 13
第二章、理論說明 16
2-1 GH-Bladed軟體說明 16
2-1-1 GH-Bladed軟體功能 16
2-1-2 GH-Bladed計算理論模型 16
2-2風力機外部條件 17
2-2-1風況條件 18
2-2-1-1風速分布 18
2-2-1-2十分鐘平均風速 18
2-2-1-3風切指數(Wind Shear Exponent) 19
2-2-1-4極端風-陣風 20
2-2-1-5極端風-風向變化 20
2-2-2海況條件 21
2-2-2-1波浪 21
2-2-2-2洋流 23
2-2-2-3潮汐水位 25
2-3離岸風力機負載 26
2-3-1慣性與重力負載 27
2-3-2氣動力負載 28
2-3-2-1葉片 28
2-3-2-2塔架 32
2-3-3水動力負載 33
2-4破壞力學 (Fracture Mechanics)簡介 34
2-4-1線彈性破壞力學 (Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics, LEFM) 34
2-4-2彈塑性破壞力學 (Elastic Plastic Fracture Mechanics, EPFM) 37
2-5有限元素應力分析簡介 39
2-5-1前處理(Preprocessing) 39
2-5-2求解(Processing) 39
2-5-3後處理(Postprocessing) 39
第三章、研究方法 40
3-1離岸風力機型號與規格 41
3-2建構NREL 5MW OWT離岸風力機模型 45
3-2-1在GH-Bladed軟體建構NREL 5MW OWT模型 45
3-2-2在ANSYS軟體建構NREL 5MW OWT塔架模型 48
3-2-2-1 NREL 5MW OWT塔架模型設定 48
3-2-2-2 NREL 5MW OWT塔架法蘭模型 49
3-2-2-3 ANSYS網格設定 51
3-3模態分析 52
3-4操作條件與設計工況 52
3-4-1 NREL 5MW OWT設計工況 52
3-4-2 NREL 5MW OWT操作條件 56
3-5 GH-Bladed之輸出負載轉換為ANSYS分析之外力 56
3-6塔架裂縫分析 60
第四章、結果與討論 62
4-1 NREL 5MW OWT葉片與塔架模態分析 62
4-2設計工況對離岸風力機負載之影響 64
4-2-1開機與極端運轉陣風耦合之影響 67
4-2-2開機與極端風向變化耦合之影響 68
4-3 NREL 5MW OWT塔架應力分析 69
4-3-1 ANSYS塔架模型與負載轉換 70
4-3-2開機與極端運轉陣風耦合時之塔架應力 71
4-4塔架裂縫分析位置之選定 72
4-4-1環銲裂縫 73
4-4-2縱銲裂縫 74
4-5塔架裂縫之失效評估方法 75
4-5-1材料性質與破壞韌性 75
4-5-2失效評估曲線之選定 76
4-5-3裂縫參考應力 79
4-5-4裂縫失效評估 81
4-6裂縫幾何尺寸對塔架失效之影響 91
4-6-1裂縫形狀之影響 91
4-6-2裂縫深度之影響 93
4-6-3裂縫長度之影響 95
4-6-4塔架裂縫安全係數 99
4-6-5 BS 7910 Option 3失效評估曲線 101
第五章、結論與未來研究方向 103
5-1結論 103
5-2未來研究方向 104
參考文獻 105
附錄、塔架管壁膜應力與彎曲應力之計算 111

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指導教授

黃俊仁(Jiun-Ren Hwang)

審核日期

2021-7-29

推文