博碩士論文 109622015 詳細資訊



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姓名 顏宏宇(Hung-Yu Yen)  查詢紙本館藏   畢業系所 地球科學學系
論文名稱 以二維地震波模擬探討臺灣東北部雙重P波之觀測
(Using 2-D Waveform Modeling to Analyze the Observations of Separating First P Arrivals Beneath NE Taiwan)
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摘要(中) 臺灣位於歐亞板塊及菲律賓海板塊相互聚合的板塊邊界上，在臺灣東部主要由菲律賓海板塊朝西北隱沒至歐亞板塊之下，進而構成琉球隱沒帶。在臺灣東北部的高解析P波速度構造研究中，發現除了隱沒的菲律賓海板塊呈現高速的特性外，東北角正下方的地函楔中也存在著高速異常體，約由20公里深處延伸至80公里，且其P波波速可達約8.6 km/s。本研究利用臺灣陣列(Formosa Array)對臺灣東北部底下一起中深部地震事件(25.02°N, 121.86°E, 138 km, Mw 4.7)進行觀測分析，發現震央周圍的測站有著雙重P波的位移波形，包含一個較微弱的先行P波(P1)及緊跟在後的延遲P波(P2)，而在震央距約25公里外的測站僅能觀測到單一P波波相(P)。更為特別的是，P2有著逆走時的特性──在震央西側約20公里的測站反而更早接收到P2波相，且P和P2雖振幅相近，但在波相上卻有明顯地不同。透過量測P1-P2的到時差以及震源至各測站的波線，發現大多行經地函楔高速體的波線皆有著雙重P波的觀測。本研究透過自行建立模型以進行二維有限差分模擬，嘗試找出造成雙重P波觀測的生成機制。從結果顯示，震源上方的地函楔高速體為產生P1的主因──此地震事件高傾角的震源特性，使節面周圍所輻射出較弱的能量恰好進入上方高速地函楔並且向外折射，導致震央周圍的測站皆能接收到P1波相；在另外尺度較大的速度構造研究中，顯示西北臺灣底下的歐亞岩石圈也有著較高速的特性，又因琉球隱沒帶與歐亞岩石圈之側向耦合，形成了東西方向上的側向速度變化。本研究認為，P2可能是由此邊界折射自地表的波相。透過引入此高速邊界至二維速度模型中，我們得以成功模擬出P2，包含波形特徵及逆走時的觀測。因本研究僅使用簡化後的二維速度模型進行順推模擬，對於擬合波形及觀測資料尚存少許的不吻合處，但對於欲分析的異常波形，其較明顯的特徵皆可被我們的模型所重現。因此本研究能提供一個簡單的機制來解釋本起地震事件的異常觀測波形，並且對於東北部地下構造有進一步的約束。
摘要(英) Tectonics of northeastern Taiwan are mainly dominated by the north to northwest subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) beneath the Eurasian Plate along the Ryukyu Trench. Recent high-resolution 3-D P wave velocity structures reveal high-velocity anomalies not only in the PSP slab but also in the mantle wedge. We investigate a deep event beneath northeastern Taiwan (12 Mar. 2019) that exhibit two P arrivals by using the data from Formosa Array and attempt to figure out the causes through waveform modeling. After constructing 2-D velocity models as a process of trial and error, the pattern of the separate two P phases can be well reproduced in our synthetics. The weaker waves radiated from the nodal plane pass through the high-velocity mantle wedge just beyond the source so that the first P arrival (P1) with small amplitude can be observed around the epicenter. The second P phases (P2) are the refracted waves impinging on the nearly vertical boundary of the Eurasian lithosphere, which is ~15 km away from the source. The consistency of the reverse travel-time curve and the phase change of P2 between synthetics and observations can also support this conception. Such a simple model cannot fully mimic the observations, but we only provide a mechanism for explaining these complicated waveform effects.
關鍵字(中) ★ 異常波形
★ 震波模擬
★ 雙重P波
★ 菲律賓海板塊
★ 歐亞岩石圈
★ 臺灣東北部		 關鍵字(英)
論文目次 中文摘要 i
ABSTRACT ii
致謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 x
第一章　緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 2
1.2 雙重P波的相關研究 3
1.2.1 導波相關研究 4
1.2.2 非典型的隱沒帶地震觀測 5
1.2.3 散射體模型 6
1.2.4 導波及散射體模型的驗證 7
第二章　區域地體架構 19
2.1 板塊間的交互作用 19
2.1.1 隱沒反轉機制模型 19
2.1.2 隱沒擠入體模型 20
2.2 區域三維速度構造模型 21
2.2.1 地函楔中的高速異常體 21
2.2.2 菲律賓海板塊與歐亞岩石圈的交界 22
第三章　研究方法及資料處理 37
3.1 有限差分法震波模擬 37
3.1.1有限差分法歷史及簡介 37
3.1.2 數值方法 38
3.1.3 交錯網格有限差分法 40
3.1.4三維黏滯彈性有限差分法 41
3.1.5 程式平行化 45
3.1.6 邊界條件 46
3.1.7震源 48
3.2 波線路徑順推 50
3.3 有限差分法模型建立 51
3.3.1 三維模擬 51
3.3.2 二維模擬──初始模型選擇 51
3.3.3 二維模擬──修改初始模型 52
3.3.4 二維模擬──高斯濾波器 53
3.4 資料分析 54
3.4.1 波形資料下載 54
3.4.2 觀測波形資料預處理 54
3.4.3 雙重P波到時差測量 55
3.5 質點運動 55
第四章　研究結果 75
4.1 觀測結果 75
4.1.1 到時差測量結果及剖面觀測 75
4.1.2 質點運動及頻譜分析結果 76
4.2 模擬結果 77
4.2.1 三維有限差分模擬 77
4.2.2 二維模擬結果及敏感度測試 77
4.3 最佳模型及不規則邊界測試 80
4.4 模型平滑化的測試 80
第五章　討論 103
5.1 探討最佳解模型 103
5.2 模型的不吻合處及不確定性 104
5.2.1 不吻合處 104
5.2.2 歐亞岩石圈的不確定性 104
5.3 Q值模型的探討 105
5.4 其餘觀測比對 106
5.4.1 質點運動 106
5.4.2 頻譜分析 107
5.5 兩個震源的可能性 107
5.6 菲律賓海板塊於北台灣底下的最西側邊界 108
第六章　結論 122
參考文獻 123
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指導教授 陳伯飛(Po-Fei Chen) 審核日期 2022-8-10
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