空間性及時間性資訊變化對序列學習影響之探討

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吳秉珊(Bing-Shan Wu) 查詢紙本館藏

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認知與神經科學研究所

論文名稱

空間性及時間性資訊變化對序列學習影響之探討
(Exploring the Impact of Temporal and Spatial Variation on Motor Sequence Learning)

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至系統瀏覽論文 (2025-6-7以後開放)

摘要(中)

人類能學會序列訊息中空間與時間的變化，在新的序列動作技能表現上逐漸進步。在日常生活中透過反覆練習連續性的動作，人們可以流暢地彈琴樂器、溜冰等。在實驗室中，序列反應時間作業是最常用來探討動作序列學習(motor sequence learning)的測驗類型。在過去文獻中，多數實驗探討隱藏在序列中的空間性結構，但較少系統性的探討時間與空間變化對序列學習的影響。本論文的研究目的是探討序列反應作業當中空間性序列與時間性序列訊息各自對序列學習的貢獻以及兩者間的關係。實驗一控制不同空間序列的長度與複雜度，並計算其在隨機序列與規則序列中的反應時間差作為學習指標，結果顯示序列的複雜度主導序列學習的效果。實驗二比較不同複雜度序列的時間性序列學習，結果指出時間性序列的學習也會被複雜度影響，且僅在高複雜度的序列當中觀察到時間性序列學習的跡象。實驗三結合時間與空間的序列學習，控制兩個面向的序列在同一複雜度下，測驗這兩個面向同時被學習的狀態，同時在異側的初級運動皮質區上施打經顱直流電刺激(tDCS)，再與假性施打電刺激的組別比較。學習指標顯示，施打電刺激呈現出減弱整體序列以及空間性序列學習的效果，但時間性序列的學習指標沒有反應出有無施打電刺激的差異。實驗四更改檢驗時間性與空間性序列學習的後測，在後測階段只保留單一面向的序列資訊，將其與完整的序列互相比較。結果顯示時間性與空間性序列能夠被同時學習，也發現了顯著的相關性在空間性與時間性的學習指標間，指出時間性序列學習被鍵結在空間性資訊之中。總結來說，本研究結果發現序列學習中的時間性與空間性資訊是互相整合、而非平行獨立的兩個學習面向。

摘要(英)

Motor sequence learning helps humans acquire new skills which require information about variation in spatial, temporal, or both domains. By repeating and practicing a series of actions, such as in dancing, martial arts, typing, and playing musical instruments, people can learn sequences of movements implicitly or explicitly and perform them more smoothly. The most commonly adopted paradigm in studying the acquisition process of sequence order is the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT). In the literature, SRTT has been mostly examined with the variation of spatial structures embedded in a sequence, but few sequence learning studies have systematically explored the impacts of varying temporal and spatial structures. The purpose of this study is to explore the respective contributions of spatial and temporal sequences and their interaction in SRTT. In the spatial domain, I controlled the length and complexity of sequences to different levels in Experiment 1. The learning effect, indexed by the difference between the Random and Regular reaction times (RTs), showed that the complexity of the sequences dominated the learning effect. In the temporal domain, I compared the learning of high and low complexity temporal sequences in Experiment 2, and the results indicated that the complexity of the sequence also affects learning of temporal sequences. In Experiment 3, I combined temporal and spatial sequence learning tested the simultaneous_ learning of both domains. Moreover, I compared the effect of applying transcranial direct current stimulation over the contralateral primary motor cortex with the sham group on learning. The outcomes showed that tDCS weakened the combined and spatial sequence learning. In Experiment 4, I modified the posttest for temporal and spatial sequence learning by maintaining the sequence information of one domain and removing the sequence information of the other domain. The results showed that both temporal, and spatial sequences can be learned simultaneously and there was a significant correlation between spatial and temporal learning indices, indicating that temporal sequence learning is linked to spatial information. Overall, this study suggests that temporal and spatial information are integrated in sequence learning, rather than being two parallel domains of learning.

關鍵字(中)

★ 動作學習
★ 序列學習
★ 序列複雜度
★ 經顱直流電刺激

關鍵字(英)

★ Motor learning
★ Sequence learning
★ Sequence complexity
★ Transcranial direct current stimulation

論文目次

中文摘要 i
Abstract iii
Acknowledgments v
Table of Content vi
List of Figures ix
Introduction 1
Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) 2
Learning in temporal domain 4
Research questions and predictions 6
Experiment 1: Sequence Complexity is a Valid factor of Sequence Learning in the Spatial Serial Reaction Time Task 10
Method 10
Participants 11
Design 11
Task, Stimuli, and Apparatus 14
Procedure 15
Data Analysis 16
Results 18
Discussion 22
Sequence learning in different sequence structure 23
Efficiency of sequence learning in different complexity 24
Experiment 2: How Does Sequence Complexity Affect Temporal Sequence Learning in Serial Reaction Time Task 26
Method 26
Participants 27
Design 27
Task, Stimuli, and Apparatus 30
Procedure 31
Data Analysis 32
Results 33
Discussion 36
Experiment 3: Apply Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Spatiotemporal Serial Reaction Time Task 39
Method 40
Participants 40
Design 41
Task, Stimuli and Apparatus 45
Procedure 45
Data Analysis 46
Results 48
Discussion 56
tDCS on the M1 area interfered sequence learning 56
Relationship among conditions of learning index 58
Posttest for the temporal domain 60
Experiment 4: Differentiate the spatial and temporal sequence learning with a domain-specific random sequence 62
Method 62
Participants 62
Design 63
Task, Stimuli, and Apparatus 65
Procedure 65
Data Analysis 66
Results 67
Discussion 74
Comparing two different methods of calculating learning index 76
General Discussion 79
Temporal sequence learning is not in line with expectations 81
Why spatial sequences are prioritized in the current experimental setup 82
Different effects of tDCS depending on the stimulated brain regions 83
Limitations 84
Implicit learning or explicit learning? 84
An appropriate length of time interval 86
Confounding factors in the tDCS experiment 87
Future Directions 89
Learning control of spatiotemporal sequences in a completely implicit state 89
Observing spatiotemporal sequence learning through auditory material 90
References 92

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指導教授

張智宏(Erik Chihhung Chang)

審核日期

2023-6-12

推文